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nasa's jet propulsion laboratory

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presents

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the von carmen lecture a series of talks

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by scientists and engineers who are

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exploring our planet our solar system

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good evening ladies and gentlemen

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how is it

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oh thank you how is everyone tonight

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good well again thank you all so much

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for coming out to join us

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what will the first evidence of life

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outside our own solar system look like

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and what future technologies are

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required to discover that evidence

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the challenge is that exoplanet hunting

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space-borne telescopes must suppress the

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bright glare from stars up to 10 billion

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times in order to directly image the

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faint reflected light from a planet and

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look for telltale signatures of life

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to tackle this the jet propulsion

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laboratory is developing two novel

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starlight suppression approaches

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coronagraphs and star shades

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tonight we'll discuss what these

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technologies are

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where they are today and how they must

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evolve in order to support possible

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exoplanet missions in the next decade

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and beyond

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tonight's guest is an astrophysicist

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and the chief technologist for nasa's

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exoplanet exploration program located

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here at jpl

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with his team he helps identify and

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mature technologies needed for possible

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future nasa missions that will

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ultimately look for evidence of life on

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exoplanets he received his phd and

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masters from the university of arizona

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an mba from the rotterdam school of

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management in the netherlands and a

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bachelor's in chemical engineering from

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the stevens institute of technology in

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new jersey and has worked at the jet

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propulsion laboratory in a variety of

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systems engineering and project

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management roles for the last eight

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years

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he's also a fine example of how it's

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never too late to chase your dreams

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at the age of 33 he left an

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international career in chemical

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manufacturing while working for a

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subsidiary of a large consumer goods

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company and went back to school to

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become an astrophysicist his boyhood

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dream

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the journey took him nine and a half

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years from restarting as an

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undergraduate at harvard university

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concentrating in physics to finally

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completing his phd in 2007.

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needless to say we're happy he's stuck

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with it ladies and gentlemen please help

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me welcome tonight's guest dr nick

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all right

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good evening everyone

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for countless generations over

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many millennia people have wondered

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are there other worlds like ours

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elsewhere not necessarily blue

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but alive

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we are very privileged to be amongst the

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first generations

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to actually be on the verge of answering

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that age-old question

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are we alone

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so tonight we're going to go on a short

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cosmic journey together

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we're going to bring you up to date on

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what we've learned about planets

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orbiting other stars we're going to tell

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you a little bit about the techniques of

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discovering life on those planets the

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technologies that enable that discovery

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and finally we'll tell you a little bit

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about the missions that nasa is

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considering so please bring your chairs

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to an upright position stow away your

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tables fasten your seat belts let's

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so this blue smudge that you could

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perhaps barely see in the middle of the

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screen is the largest

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stellar cluster in our galaxy it's

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called the omega centauri cluster it has

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10

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lot of stars

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but it doesn't feel like a large number

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until you see the heart of this cluster

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through the eyes of the hubble space

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telescope

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i have seen this picture

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hundreds of times since i was a young

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man and

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i continue to be stirred by it look at

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the concentration the density the

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different sizes and colors of all of

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these stars in such a small distance

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how could there not be at least one star

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harboring one planet

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harboring

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or rooting the beginnings of life on at

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least one of the planets at least one it

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almost seems

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statistically impossible that there is

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not life on at least one of these

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planets

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if we take this

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mass of stars and place it

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in

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or nearby the halo of our largest

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nearby galactic neighbor this is the

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andromeda galaxy

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it would only take up a small little dot

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in that entire galaxy

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in our own galaxy there are hundreds of

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billions of stars

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and there is evidence to back up the

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fact that there are as many

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galaxies in the universe

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as there are stars in our own galaxy

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so that's hundreds of billions of

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galaxies

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this is a picture from the hubble space

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telescope with its shutter open

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for 23 days

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every smudge on this image other than a

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few foreground stars

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are galaxies

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each containing tens of thousands tens

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of

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billions

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of stars

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if we are the only creatures to be alive

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in our galaxy

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you can't help but ask

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why all this space

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why all these galaxies why all these

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stars why all these

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planets alas here we are in meeting

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together in the first half of the 21st

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century and there is no evidence to the

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contrary

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we have no evidence for life outside of

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our own planet

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however it's still early days i kind of

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think of it akin to some of the earliest

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hominids who marching out to the edge of

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their own lands looking out over the sea

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wondering are there other lands

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near the horizon are there other

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sentient beings

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and we now know that indeed there are

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other worlds across the sea of space and

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we call them exoplanets

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exo means in greek outside outside of

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our own solar system

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so it just so happens

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that 20 years ago this year the first

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exoplanet was discovered

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around this star 51 pegasi

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the two

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swiss astronomers who discovered the

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planet never actually saw it

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because the star is just too bright so

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they use the technique

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called

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radial velocity

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and the way the technique works is if

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you can't see the planet

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you can look at the star

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adds a gravitational tug

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to the star so if you look at the star

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it's wobbling and that's due to the

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presence

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of the planet so even though you don't

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see the planet you know it's there in

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fact here's some of the early data that

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confirms the oscillatory nature of the

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wobbling

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what's absolutely amazing about this

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discovery

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is that the planet about the size of our

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own jupiter

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only required 4.2 days to make one trip

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around its star 4.2 days a far cry from

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our own jupiter which takes 11 years

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so this was a harbinger of things to

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come that exoplanets are very diverse

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and very surprising we had no idea this

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was going to happen in fact there's

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evidence to suggest that the planet

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orbiting the star is evaporating it's

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being vaporized by its own star

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so let's fast forward 20 years

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and here's where we are today i i

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checked our own database

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1838 confirmed exoplanets and believe me

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this is these are the ones we've

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confirmed we know that there are

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certainly many many more

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and as you can see i show the planet

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discoveries by year and it's clearly

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increasing i've color coded them so we

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see that the blues correspond to the

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technique in which they were discovered

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so blue is radial velocity and we just

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discussed that and you can see around

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2010 or so

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the blue starts to transition to green

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as being the more dominant technique

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what is the green it's a technique

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called

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transiting

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a nasa telescope called kepler

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and it is a very very simple technique

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kepler stairs at about 150 000

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stars in our galaxy all at the same time

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hoping just hoping that there would be a

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planet that just serendipitously travels

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across the face such that the brightness

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of that star dips a little bit

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and then when the star uh when the

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planet reaches the other side the

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brightness of the the star will resume

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to where it was

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very simple and that infers the presence

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of a planet especially when the

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astronomers notice that it repeats

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itself

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which indicates that it's the planet is

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traveling around that star

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astronomers then take that information

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of the period

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they plug it into ironically johannes

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kepler's third law of orbital motion and

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they can extract the separations the

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distance between the planet and the star

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and that becomes very important because

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it tells us a little bit about

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habitability the distance

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so

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kepler and this is an artist

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illustration kepler has only looked at a

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sliver of the overall stars

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in our galaxy in fact the radial

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velocity technique and others only

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compromise a small area even smaller

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than what kepler has looked at

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however even from this small sample

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we have accumulated enough evidence

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to to conclude a couple things first is

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the diversity of planets

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and the commonness of planets let's take

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a look at the diversity of planets the

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next uh seven or eight slides are all

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going to be artists illustrations these

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are not photos we don't actually know

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what these planets look like

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but speaking of diversity there's

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evidence to suggest that there are

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planets this one in the foreground that

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are rocky and very close to the star

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very similar to what we saw about 51

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pegasi

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but because it's rocky there's evidence

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to suggest that this planet remains in a

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molten state permanently not very

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conducive to life

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there's evidence for ice planets

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we don't have ice planets in our own

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solar system we have icy moons but no

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icy planets these are rocky planets that

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are sufficiently far away from their

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stars where the evidence suggests that

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any carbon dioxide or water has

288
00:11:33,030 --> 00:11:29,360
crystallized the ice again not conducive

289
00:11:36,550 --> 00:11:34,310
now planets

290
00:11:39,190 --> 00:11:36,560
orbiting two stars that's something that

291
00:11:41,350 --> 00:11:39,200
we had hoped would be true why

292
00:11:43,430 --> 00:11:41,360
because most stars in the evening sky

293
00:11:45,910 --> 00:11:43,440
actually are in multiple systems so it

294
00:11:48,710 --> 00:11:45,920
was very important to us to know

295
00:11:50,630 --> 00:11:48,720
can planets survive having multiple

296
00:11:52,389 --> 00:11:50,640
stars and sure enough kepler has

297
00:11:54,550 --> 00:11:52,399
discovered

298
00:11:56,550 --> 00:11:54,560
evidence for this in fact this is an

299
00:12:00,150 --> 00:11:56,560
interesting case where

300
00:12:02,230 --> 00:12:00,160
reality imitates fiction some of you

301
00:12:05,110 --> 00:12:02,240
may be familiar with the star wars

302
00:12:09,590 --> 00:12:05,120
planet tattooing where they show two

303
00:12:15,190 --> 00:12:12,550
here's a planet that has been weighed in

304
00:12:19,190 --> 00:12:15,200
at 10 times the mass of our largest

305
00:12:21,829 --> 00:12:19,200
planet jupiter 10 times its mass what's

306
00:12:24,870 --> 00:12:21,839
equally as fascinating is this star is

307
00:12:27,430 --> 00:12:24,880
orbiting a star that happens to be in a

308
00:12:29,590 --> 00:12:27,440
quadruple system

309
00:12:32,069 --> 00:12:29,600
we never thought that was possible it

310
00:12:34,550 --> 00:12:32,079
speaks to the robustness of planets that

311
00:12:39,750 --> 00:12:34,560
they can survive the somewhat instable

312
00:12:46,710 --> 00:12:43,590
in some cases we've acquired the mass

313
00:12:48,310 --> 00:12:46,720
and the volume of the planet and for

314
00:12:50,629 --> 00:12:48,320
those of you that remember your your

315
00:12:52,710 --> 00:12:50,639
physics mass divided by volume gives you

316
00:12:55,670 --> 00:12:52,720
density the inference is that some of

317
00:12:58,790 --> 00:12:55,680
these planets are made up large amounts

318
00:13:00,870 --> 00:12:58,800
of water that's the density is is

319
00:13:03,350 --> 00:13:00,880
consistent with that

320
00:13:05,269 --> 00:13:03,360
may not be but we believe that there are

321
00:13:08,310 --> 00:13:05,279
planets out there that have 40 to 50

322
00:13:09,910 --> 00:13:08,320
percent maybe even more by mass water

323
00:13:12,470 --> 00:13:09,920
and our planet is even though it looks

324
00:13:16,150 --> 00:13:12,480
watery to you is less than one percent

325
00:13:22,069 --> 00:13:18,829
all planetary systems so we

326
00:13:24,150 --> 00:13:22,079
found stars that have multiple planets

327
00:13:26,790 --> 00:13:24,160
orbiting it which is what we would have

328
00:13:29,829 --> 00:13:26,800
expected similar to our own solar system

329
00:13:31,509 --> 00:13:29,839
where we have eight planets there is

330
00:13:33,269 --> 00:13:31,519
substantial evidence that a lot of the

331
00:13:34,949 --> 00:13:33,279
stars have multiple planets in fact at

332
00:13:37,590 --> 00:13:34,959
least 40

333
00:13:40,150 --> 00:13:37,600
of all the stars we've discovered so far

334
00:13:41,990 --> 00:13:40,160
are in multiple systems

335
00:13:44,389 --> 00:13:42,000
what's fascinating about this particular

336
00:13:47,990 --> 00:13:44,399
star is kepler-444

337
00:13:51,430 --> 00:13:48,000
is its age so scientists have concluded

338
00:13:53,750 --> 00:13:51,440
that the age of this star is around 11

339
00:13:54,949 --> 00:13:53,760
billion years old

340
00:13:57,509 --> 00:13:54,959
and that's important for a couple

341
00:13:59,590 --> 00:13:57,519
reasons one it speaks to the

342
00:14:00,790 --> 00:13:59,600
the the quickness in which planets

343
00:14:02,790 --> 00:14:00,800
formed

344
00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:02,800
we didn't know how long he would take

345
00:14:07,509 --> 00:14:05,040
second which might be interesting to us

346
00:14:09,910 --> 00:14:07,519
is it it tells you how much time

347
00:14:11,269 --> 00:14:09,920
alien life could have

348
00:14:13,670 --> 00:14:11,279
had

349
00:14:16,230 --> 00:14:13,680
11 billion years is a long time i wonder

350
00:14:19,509 --> 00:14:16,240
how sophisticated and advanced alien

351
00:14:23,430 --> 00:14:20,870
here's something we never would have

352
00:14:26,389 --> 00:14:23,440
guessed there are evidence for nomadic

353
00:14:30,790 --> 00:14:26,399
planets planets floating through the

354
00:14:32,389 --> 00:14:30,800
galaxy unbounded to any star we never

355
00:14:33,829 --> 00:14:32,399
predicted that

356
00:14:35,430 --> 00:14:33,839
and

357
00:14:37,590 --> 00:14:35,440
the evidence for this is through a

358
00:14:39,750 --> 00:14:37,600
technique called gravitational micro

359
00:14:41,750 --> 00:14:39,760
lensing it's another indirect

360
00:14:44,790 --> 00:14:41,760
technique

361
00:14:47,990 --> 00:14:44,800
and then lastly here's neptune roughly

362
00:14:50,389 --> 00:14:48,000
four times the size of our own earth

363
00:14:53,430 --> 00:14:50,399
and in our own solar system there are no

364
00:14:56,069 --> 00:14:53,440
other planets that bridge this

365
00:14:57,990 --> 00:14:56,079
distance the separation in size

366
00:15:00,230 --> 00:14:58,000
so there's no reason why we can't find

367
00:15:03,030 --> 00:15:00,240
planets of an intermediate size we just

368
00:15:05,350 --> 00:15:03,040
never have well sure enough kepler has

369
00:15:07,590 --> 00:15:05,360
found a whole range of of planets in

370
00:15:10,389 --> 00:15:07,600
between these two distances and we call

371
00:15:12,550 --> 00:15:10,399
them super earths we have no idea these

372
00:15:14,310 --> 00:15:12,560
super earths are just larger versions of

373
00:15:16,550 --> 00:15:14,320
our own earth they could be maybe

374
00:15:19,030 --> 00:15:16,560
smaller versions of the ice giant

375
00:15:20,389 --> 00:15:19,040
neptune or maybe they're these water

376
00:15:22,550 --> 00:15:20,399
worlds

377
00:15:24,629 --> 00:15:22,560
still very exciting to figure out what

378
00:15:27,030 --> 00:15:24,639
they are so i think you'll agree that

379
00:15:29,030 --> 00:15:27,040
there is enormous diversity in

380
00:15:31,269 --> 00:15:29,040
exoplanets that we did not actually

381
00:15:33,590 --> 00:15:31,279
predict and a lot of them are no where

382
00:15:36,470 --> 00:15:33,600
similar to what we have in our own solar

383
00:15:38,150 --> 00:15:36,480
system so let me show you

384
00:15:40,790 --> 00:15:38,160
what i believe are some of the three

385
00:15:41,910 --> 00:15:40,800
profound results from kepler and i have

386
00:15:42,949 --> 00:15:41,920
three of them

387
00:15:44,870 --> 00:15:42,959
first one

388
00:15:45,990 --> 00:15:44,880
planets orbiting other stars in the

389
00:15:49,269 --> 00:15:46,000
galaxy

390
00:15:50,870 --> 00:15:49,279
are indeed common so when you look up at

391
00:15:52,150 --> 00:15:50,880
the night sky

392
00:15:55,509 --> 00:15:52,160
on average

393
00:15:58,230 --> 00:15:55,519
every single one of those stars

394
00:16:00,389 --> 00:15:58,240
has at least one planet around it and

395
00:16:02,790 --> 00:16:00,399
maybe a whole planetary system that's

396
00:16:04,949 --> 00:16:02,800
something we did not know even a few

397
00:16:07,110 --> 00:16:04,959
years ago

398
00:16:09,189 --> 00:16:07,120
to add a little more data

399
00:16:11,910 --> 00:16:09,199
it's actually the stars that you don't

400
00:16:13,829 --> 00:16:11,920
see that are even that are equally as

401
00:16:15,590 --> 00:16:13,839
interesting there's a whole population

402
00:16:17,590 --> 00:16:15,600
of very dim stars some of you may have

403
00:16:19,110 --> 00:16:17,600
heard of them they're called m dwarfs

404
00:16:21,990 --> 00:16:19,120
or m stars

405
00:16:24,790 --> 00:16:22,000
these very faint stars about half the

406
00:16:25,910 --> 00:16:24,800
luminosity of our own sun if not less

407
00:16:28,389 --> 00:16:25,920
dominate

408
00:16:31,269 --> 00:16:28,399
the types of stars in our universe

409
00:16:33,910 --> 00:16:31,279
there are three quarters of these stars

410
00:16:35,670 --> 00:16:33,920
make up the stars in our own galaxy the

411
00:16:38,389 --> 00:16:35,680
reason that's important is there's

412
00:16:40,150 --> 00:16:38,399
preliminary evidence to suggest around

413
00:16:43,430 --> 00:16:40,160
all of these m dwarfs which you can't

414
00:16:45,430 --> 00:16:43,440
see in the night sky have at least two

415
00:16:46,710 --> 00:16:45,440
planets orbiting them

416
00:16:48,629 --> 00:16:46,720
so if you think about the fact that

417
00:16:51,110 --> 00:16:48,639
there's hundreds of billions of stars in

418
00:16:53,670 --> 00:16:51,120
our galaxy and each one of them has at

419
00:16:57,269 --> 00:16:53,680
least one planet and some of them have

420
00:16:59,829 --> 00:16:57,279
two it just speaks to the huge number of

421
00:17:01,509 --> 00:16:59,839
planets that we are certain are out

422
00:17:03,269 --> 00:17:01,519
there

423
00:17:06,549 --> 00:17:03,279
let's go to number two

424
00:17:07,990 --> 00:17:06,559
planets with sizes between half

425
00:17:11,750 --> 00:17:08,000
like mars

426
00:17:13,909 --> 00:17:11,760
and twice the size maybe a super earth

427
00:17:16,069 --> 00:17:13,919
are the most common types of planet

428
00:17:17,909 --> 00:17:16,079
that's important if you just knew number

429
00:17:19,429 --> 00:17:17,919
one you might say okay that's great

430
00:17:21,669 --> 00:17:19,439
there are a lot of stars but what

431
00:17:24,549 --> 00:17:21,679
happens if they're all gas planets or

432
00:17:27,189 --> 00:17:24,559
icy giants it doesn't bode very well for

433
00:17:29,510 --> 00:17:27,199
life does it but now we find out that

434
00:17:30,870 --> 00:17:29,520
the most common type of planets are

435
00:17:33,830 --> 00:17:30,880
those that are

436
00:17:36,870 --> 00:17:33,840
sort of like our own earth here's some

437
00:17:38,150 --> 00:17:36,880
early statistics from an unpublished uh

438
00:17:41,029 --> 00:17:38,160
candidate list

439
00:17:43,110 --> 00:17:41,039
down here we show the sizes of

440
00:17:45,350 --> 00:17:43,120
the planets and you can see planets that

441
00:17:47,350 --> 00:17:45,360
are about the size of jupiter or larger

442
00:17:49,909 --> 00:17:47,360
are a minority even though they're

443
00:17:52,150 --> 00:17:49,919
amongst the first they are a minority of

444
00:17:53,830 --> 00:17:52,160
the sizes of planets we're finding and

445
00:17:56,390 --> 00:17:53,840
if you take the earth size and the super

446
00:17:58,470 --> 00:17:56,400
earth size if you allow me to add them

447
00:18:00,150 --> 00:17:58,480
together and refer to them as earth size

448
00:18:03,350 --> 00:18:00,160
for now you'll see that these two

449
00:18:06,870 --> 00:18:03,360
together are the most common types of

450
00:18:08,390 --> 00:18:06,880
planets that bodes extremely well for

451
00:18:09,750 --> 00:18:08,400
life

452
00:18:11,430 --> 00:18:09,760
now

453
00:18:13,909 --> 00:18:11,440
that's all all well and good but what

454
00:18:15,909 --> 00:18:13,919
happens if these earth-sized planets are

455
00:18:17,669 --> 00:18:15,919
really close to the star

456
00:18:19,669 --> 00:18:17,679
it'd be really really hot wouldn't it or

457
00:18:22,230 --> 00:18:19,679
if it was very very far away it'd be

458
00:18:23,669 --> 00:18:22,240
very very cold so how many of them are

459
00:18:25,590 --> 00:18:23,679
actually in the temperate zone that's

460
00:18:27,750 --> 00:18:25,600
what we really want to know well

461
00:18:29,029 --> 00:18:27,760
kepler has come to the rescue

462
00:18:31,270 --> 00:18:29,039
again

463
00:18:33,430 --> 00:18:31,280
planets with sizes

464
00:18:35,430 --> 00:18:33,440
half to two times out of earth

465
00:18:37,430 --> 00:18:35,440
orbit in the habitable zone of their

466
00:18:38,470 --> 00:18:37,440
stars what's this habitable zone

467
00:18:40,789 --> 00:18:38,480
business

468
00:18:42,789 --> 00:18:40,799
the habitable zone is just simply a

469
00:18:44,710 --> 00:18:42,799
region around any star

470
00:18:48,310 --> 00:18:44,720
where a planet

471
00:18:50,710 --> 00:18:48,320
is just right to have liquid water on

472
00:18:52,950 --> 00:18:50,720
its surface if the planet was too close

473
00:18:54,470 --> 00:18:52,960
it'd be too hot the water would vaporize

474
00:18:56,470 --> 00:18:54,480
if the planet was too far away it'd be

475
00:18:59,350 --> 00:18:56,480
too cold it would turn the ice

476
00:19:01,430 --> 00:18:59,360
water we believe is really important in

477
00:19:06,310 --> 00:19:01,440
the search for life wherever we find

478
00:19:07,750 --> 00:19:06,320
water on this planet we find life

479
00:19:08,549 --> 00:19:07,760
so let me give you a little bit of data

480
00:19:10,789 --> 00:19:08,559
here

481
00:19:13,029 --> 00:19:10,799
and i'm going to be very conservative

482
00:19:14,950 --> 00:19:13,039
very conservative

483
00:19:17,270 --> 00:19:14,960
one out of every 10

484
00:19:19,350 --> 00:19:17,280
stars similar to our own

485
00:19:20,390 --> 00:19:19,360
appears to have one of these earth-sized

486
00:19:22,710 --> 00:19:20,400
planets

487
00:19:25,190 --> 00:19:22,720
in its habitable zone one out of every

488
00:19:27,350 --> 00:19:25,200
ten and that's a low

489
00:19:28,549 --> 00:19:27,360
estimate i have esteemed colleagues here

490
00:19:31,350 --> 00:19:28,559
in the audience who believe it's

491
00:19:33,029 --> 00:19:31,360
actually a few times higher than that

492
00:19:34,630 --> 00:19:33,039
and you remember those m stars we talked

493
00:19:35,990 --> 00:19:34,640
about

494
00:19:38,870 --> 00:19:36,000
they seem to be

495
00:19:42,070 --> 00:19:38,880
very common around those stars

496
00:19:44,150 --> 00:19:42,080
early evidence suggests that 50 percent

497
00:19:46,470 --> 00:19:44,160
of m stars

498
00:19:49,510 --> 00:19:46,480
have at one planet around the size of

499
00:19:52,070 --> 00:19:49,520
the earth in its habitable zone that's

500
00:19:54,870 --> 00:19:52,080
exactly what we were looking for i did a

501
00:19:57,110 --> 00:19:54,880
back of the envelope calculation

502
00:20:00,470 --> 00:19:57,120
i came up with a minimum

503
00:20:03,430 --> 00:20:00,480
of 80 billion planets

504
00:20:05,350 --> 00:20:03,440
of earth size in the habitable zone that

505
00:20:07,110 --> 00:20:05,360
is the num that is

506
00:20:09,909 --> 00:20:07,120
the type of communist the type of

507
00:20:11,029 --> 00:20:09,919
numbers we've been looking for

508
00:20:13,350 --> 00:20:11,039
so

509
00:20:15,270 --> 00:20:13,360
if there are 80 billion of these guys in

510
00:20:16,710 --> 00:20:15,280
a temperate zone

511
00:20:18,549 --> 00:20:16,720
and we're calling them candidate

512
00:20:20,230 --> 00:20:18,559
habitable planets because they're about

513
00:20:22,310 --> 00:20:20,240
the right size they're about at the

514
00:20:24,470 --> 00:20:22,320
right distance for liquid water

515
00:20:26,950 --> 00:20:24,480
so we call them candidate but to get to

516
00:20:28,390 --> 00:20:26,960
a confirmed habitable planet which is

517
00:20:29,990 --> 00:20:28,400
probably why we're here tonight to find

518
00:20:31,830 --> 00:20:30,000
out

519
00:20:33,270 --> 00:20:31,840
we need a little bit more information we

520
00:20:34,870 --> 00:20:33,280
need to know does the planet have an

521
00:20:38,070 --> 00:20:34,880
atmosphere

522
00:20:39,669 --> 00:20:38,080
and are there any signatures of biology

523
00:20:42,390 --> 00:20:39,679
that's what would make it a habitable

524
00:20:44,950 --> 00:20:42,400
planet so folks we're going to say thank

525
00:20:46,470 --> 00:20:44,960
you very much to the scientists and the

526
00:20:48,950 --> 00:20:46,480
engineers who worked on the kepler

527
00:20:51,510 --> 00:20:48,960
telescope they have done a tremendous

528
00:20:54,470 --> 00:20:51,520
job in advancing our knowledge and now

529
00:20:58,070 --> 00:20:54,480
we are ready for the next step

530
00:21:00,950 --> 00:20:59,110
there are

531
00:21:03,909 --> 00:21:00,960
are two techniques that we've already

532
00:21:05,190 --> 00:21:03,919
been searching for life for the last 50

533
00:21:07,190 --> 00:21:05,200
years or so

534
00:21:11,110 --> 00:21:07,200
the first one we know very well because

535
00:21:13,510 --> 00:21:11,120
jpl has been a leader within nasa for

536
00:21:15,510 --> 00:21:13,520
all of these decades

537
00:21:16,789 --> 00:21:15,520
the search for life in our own solar

538
00:21:18,390 --> 00:21:16,799
system

539
00:21:21,510 --> 00:21:18,400
i love this picture

540
00:21:23,669 --> 00:21:21,520
it's of the mars curiosity rover turning

541
00:21:29,990 --> 00:21:23,679
around and looking at the crater in

542
00:21:35,110 --> 00:21:31,270
i'll have you know

543
00:21:37,830 --> 00:21:35,120
that on july 14th write that down

544
00:21:40,549 --> 00:21:37,840
nasa's new horizons spacecraft is going

545
00:21:42,310 --> 00:21:40,559
to pass by pluto

546
00:21:44,549 --> 00:21:42,320
he'll take pictures it'll study it like

547
00:21:45,510 --> 00:21:44,559
no other mission ever has and at that

548
00:21:47,830 --> 00:21:45,520
point

549
00:21:50,549 --> 00:21:47,840
nasa will have visited

550
00:21:54,390 --> 00:21:50,559
every single large body

551
00:21:57,110 --> 00:21:54,400
in our solar system that's a phenomenal

552
00:21:59,190 --> 00:21:57,120
accomplishment in just 50 years i mean

553
00:22:01,029 --> 00:21:59,200
what are we going to do in the next 50

554
00:22:02,630 --> 00:22:01,039
years now

555
00:22:04,470 --> 00:22:02,640
unfortunately

556
00:22:07,029 --> 00:22:04,480
it looks like that the chances of

557
00:22:08,549 --> 00:22:07,039
intelligent life in our solar system are

558
00:22:11,270 --> 00:22:08,559
are quite small at this point and we've

559
00:22:13,430 --> 00:22:11,280
yet to find strong evidence of life

560
00:22:15,430 --> 00:22:13,440
we are not done with mars we will

561
00:22:17,350 --> 00:22:15,440
continue to look for fossils and other

562
00:22:19,750 --> 00:22:17,360
evidence of past life and we're not

563
00:22:21,669 --> 00:22:19,760
giving up on subterranean aquifers where

564
00:22:23,830 --> 00:22:21,679
life might exist

565
00:22:24,950 --> 00:22:23,840
and we are certainly remaining excited

566
00:22:26,470 --> 00:22:24,960
and hopeful

567
00:22:29,750 --> 00:22:26,480
for potential life

568
00:22:32,950 --> 00:22:29,760
in the subterranean oceans the deep

569
00:22:36,549 --> 00:22:32,960
salty oceans of some of the icy moons of

570
00:22:39,270 --> 00:22:36,559
jupiter and saturn here you see europa

571
00:22:43,270 --> 00:22:39,280
and jpl is playing a leading role in the

572
00:22:48,710 --> 00:22:43,280
investigation of this moon

573
00:22:53,830 --> 00:22:51,750
listening and watching for signs of

574
00:22:56,149 --> 00:22:53,840
intelligent life with some of our

575
00:22:58,870 --> 00:22:56,159
friends from the seti institute the

576
00:23:00,549 --> 00:22:58,880
search for extraterrestrial intelligence

577
00:23:02,310 --> 00:23:00,559
they're up in northern california who

578
00:23:04,149 --> 00:23:02,320
have used for the last 50 years these

579
00:23:06,710 --> 00:23:04,159
large

580
00:23:08,470 --> 00:23:06,720
radio single dish radio antennas

581
00:23:11,430 --> 00:23:08,480
and just recently they're starting to

582
00:23:12,789 --> 00:23:11,440
use these um allen telescope arrays in

583
00:23:13,830 --> 00:23:12,799
northern california there's a whole

584
00:23:15,990 --> 00:23:13,840
bunch of them

585
00:23:18,149 --> 00:23:16,000
just listening to hear if they can if

586
00:23:20,710 --> 00:23:18,159
they can hear any chatter from alien

587
00:23:23,350 --> 00:23:20,720
civilizations from perhaps one planet to

588
00:23:25,830 --> 00:23:23,360
another from a planet to their

589
00:23:28,149 --> 00:23:25,840
large spacecrafts or maybe the leakage

590
00:23:30,230 --> 00:23:28,159
of radio communications like we have on

591
00:23:31,990 --> 00:23:30,240
our own planet

592
00:23:33,590 --> 00:23:32,000
even though we're about to go radio

593
00:23:36,470 --> 00:23:33,600
quiet and we expect that alien

594
00:23:39,029 --> 00:23:36,480
civilizations might as well but

595
00:23:41,029 --> 00:23:39,039
the search is well worth taking we won't

596
00:23:43,909 --> 00:23:41,039
know unless we try

597
00:23:45,669 --> 00:23:43,919
seti has recently acquired another uh

598
00:23:48,630 --> 00:23:45,679
technique in their portfolio they're

599
00:23:50,630 --> 00:23:48,640
looking now for for high beams of light

600
00:23:52,870 --> 00:23:50,640
that that pulse at very very

601
00:23:54,710 --> 00:23:52,880
short

602
00:23:56,950 --> 00:23:54,720
frequencies

603
00:23:58,549 --> 00:23:56,960
and it's sort of like an optical morse

604
00:24:00,390 --> 00:23:58,559
code if you will they've been doing that

605
00:24:01,510 --> 00:24:00,400
for about a decade and they haven't seen

606
00:24:03,270 --> 00:24:01,520
anything

607
00:24:05,350 --> 00:24:03,280
irregular to date

608
00:24:07,430 --> 00:24:05,360
the search continues

609
00:24:08,950 --> 00:24:07,440
which takes us now to

610
00:24:11,350 --> 00:24:08,960
our next

611
00:24:13,269 --> 00:24:11,360
approach approach number three which is

612
00:24:15,430 --> 00:24:13,279
what i'll spend a little bit of time

613
00:24:18,870 --> 00:24:15,440
explaining probing the atmosphere of

614
00:24:21,830 --> 00:24:18,880
exoplanets for biological signatures so

615
00:24:23,830 --> 00:24:21,840
what's a biological signature basically

616
00:24:26,789 --> 00:24:23,840
as an example

617
00:24:29,669 --> 00:24:26,799
the gases that we release

618
00:24:32,390 --> 00:24:29,679
as a byproduct of life that remain in

619
00:24:34,390 --> 00:24:32,400
our atmosphere revealing the presence of

620
00:24:35,430 --> 00:24:34,400
life for example

621
00:24:37,110 --> 00:24:35,440
plants

622
00:24:39,669 --> 00:24:37,120
give off oxygen

623
00:24:42,870 --> 00:24:39,679
oxygen is consumed by humans

624
00:24:45,269 --> 00:24:42,880
we give off carbon dioxide there are

625
00:24:48,390 --> 00:24:45,279
bacteria that give off methane if we can

626
00:24:50,789 --> 00:24:48,400
capture any of these gases they could be

627
00:24:52,549 --> 00:24:50,799
related to life let's take a deeper look

628
00:24:54,549 --> 00:24:52,559
at that

629
00:24:56,470 --> 00:24:54,559
first of all i have to remind you that

630
00:24:57,830 --> 00:24:56,480
when you see planets in the night sky so

631
00:25:00,549 --> 00:24:57,840
here's venus

632
00:25:02,070 --> 00:25:00,559
here's jupiter that's our moon

633
00:25:04,549 --> 00:25:02,080
you see them not because they're

634
00:25:06,230 --> 00:25:04,559
self-luminous right these these planets

635
00:25:08,310 --> 00:25:06,240
don't glow in the dark

636
00:25:10,870 --> 00:25:08,320
you see them because they are reflecting

637
00:25:12,789 --> 00:25:10,880
the light from our sun

638
00:25:15,590 --> 00:25:12,799
into our eyeballs

639
00:25:18,310 --> 00:25:15,600
that's how we see the planets so the

640
00:25:20,870 --> 00:25:18,320
same technique for looking for life

641
00:25:23,669 --> 00:25:20,880
on exoplanets so here's a star

642
00:25:25,430 --> 00:25:23,679
it's emitting light and i've exaggerated

643
00:25:28,390 --> 00:25:25,440
the atmosphere of this

644
00:25:30,630 --> 00:25:28,400
potential exoplanet as the light passes

645
00:25:32,950 --> 00:25:30,640
through the atmosphere of this exoplanet

646
00:25:35,269 --> 00:25:32,960
it could reflect off a cloud it could

647
00:25:37,430 --> 00:25:35,279
reflect off the surface

648
00:25:39,190 --> 00:25:37,440
and then it makes its way to

649
00:25:40,870 --> 00:25:39,200
our telescope

650
00:25:42,549 --> 00:25:40,880
now on the way

651
00:25:46,070 --> 00:25:42,559
through the atmosphere and then back out

652
00:25:48,549 --> 00:25:46,080
again if if it encounters certain gases

653
00:25:51,830 --> 00:25:48,559
like the ones we just described

654
00:25:53,430 --> 00:25:51,840
they absorb light at very specific

655
00:25:56,070 --> 00:25:53,440
frequencies

656
00:25:57,350 --> 00:25:56,080
so when we capture the light in our

657
00:25:59,830 --> 00:25:57,360
telescope

658
00:26:02,230 --> 00:25:59,840
and pass the light through a prism and

659
00:26:04,230 --> 00:26:02,240
break out the light from the planet into

660
00:26:06,470 --> 00:26:04,240
a rainbow of colors

661
00:26:08,870 --> 00:26:06,480
scientists will then look

662
00:26:12,470 --> 00:26:08,880
for the missing light

663
00:26:16,230 --> 00:26:12,480
right so in in an interesting way the

664
00:26:19,830 --> 00:26:16,240
absence of light in our data

665
00:26:21,750 --> 00:26:19,840
reflects the presence of gases in the

666
00:26:23,830 --> 00:26:21,760
atmosphere of

667
00:26:27,590 --> 00:26:23,840
the

668
00:26:28,870 --> 00:26:27,600
could map

669
00:26:35,110 --> 00:26:28,880
the exact

670
00:26:36,870 --> 00:26:35,120
exact colors to very specific gases

671
00:26:39,190 --> 00:26:36,880
there is no doubt about the

672
00:26:42,630 --> 00:26:39,200
correspondence between the missing light

673
00:26:44,310 --> 00:26:42,640
their wavelengths and the gases

674
00:26:46,710 --> 00:26:44,320
so this is what the actual data looks

675
00:26:48,390 --> 00:26:46,720
like you're looking at real data let's

676
00:26:50,149 --> 00:26:48,400
show you how the astronomers interpret

677
00:26:51,750 --> 00:26:50,159
this because one day you're going to

678
00:26:54,630 --> 00:26:51,760
read the new york times and it will say

679
00:26:56,950 --> 00:26:54,640
nasa or an astronomer has discovered

680
00:26:57,909 --> 00:26:56,960
life this is what you're about to see

681
00:27:00,390 --> 00:26:57,919
this

682
00:27:02,549 --> 00:27:00,400
series of squiggly lines is what our

683
00:27:04,470 --> 00:27:02,559
evidence for life is going to look like

684
00:27:05,750 --> 00:27:04,480
i apologize no

685
00:27:08,230 --> 00:27:05,760
green aliens

686
00:27:10,549 --> 00:27:08,240
no flying saucers this is what it looks

687
00:27:12,470 --> 00:27:10,559
like on exoplanet so so here's a rainbow

688
00:27:14,230 --> 00:27:12,480
of colors i've mapped it perfectly to

689
00:27:15,830 --> 00:27:14,240
the wavelengths you see there's no color

690
00:27:18,630 --> 00:27:15,840
out here simply because we've entered

691
00:27:21,269 --> 00:27:18,640
the regime of the infrared the infrared

692
00:27:22,470 --> 00:27:21,279
has no color that's okay we can still

693
00:27:24,870 --> 00:27:22,480
measure it

694
00:27:26,710 --> 00:27:24,880
and on the vertical axis we have the

695
00:27:29,190 --> 00:27:26,720
relative brightness so for example up

696
00:27:31,669 --> 00:27:29,200
here we have a lot of purple light

697
00:27:34,070 --> 00:27:31,679
over here we have a less yellow light

698
00:27:36,390 --> 00:27:34,080
and out and out here we have even less

699
00:27:38,630 --> 00:27:36,400
infrared light if the planet had no

700
00:27:40,149 --> 00:27:38,640
atmosphere at all the curve would look

701
00:27:42,950 --> 00:27:40,159
something like this

702
00:27:46,470 --> 00:27:42,960
so every single one of these dips

703
00:27:48,630 --> 00:27:46,480
corresponds to a gas in the atmosphere

704
00:27:50,789 --> 00:27:48,640
of that planet let me share with you

705
00:27:53,029 --> 00:27:50,799
three of them

706
00:27:55,110 --> 00:27:53,039
this thin line is oxygen

707
00:27:58,470 --> 00:27:55,120
this broad line is water

708
00:27:59,750 --> 00:27:58,480
this trough here is methane so if we saw

709
00:28:03,590 --> 00:27:59,760
that

710
00:28:05,190 --> 00:28:03,600
remind you

711
00:28:07,510 --> 00:28:05,200
this spectrum here comes from our

712
00:28:09,990 --> 00:28:07,520
favorite planet comes from the earth

713
00:28:11,190 --> 00:28:10,000
so if you were aliens from far away and

714
00:28:13,190 --> 00:28:11,200
you got

715
00:28:14,710 --> 00:28:13,200
this data how would you interpret it

716
00:28:17,110 --> 00:28:14,720
would you be able to

717
00:28:18,149 --> 00:28:17,120
conclude there was life on this planet

718
00:28:21,669 --> 00:28:18,159
well

719
00:28:25,350 --> 00:28:23,110
methane comes

720
00:28:28,470 --> 00:28:25,360
besides leaks in natural gas it also

721
00:28:32,549 --> 00:28:28,480
comes from bacteria bacteria in the

722
00:28:37,830 --> 00:28:32,559
digestive tracts of ruminants like cows

723
00:28:38,630 --> 00:28:37,840
and sheep so burping farting cows

724
00:28:40,870 --> 00:28:38,640
but

725
00:28:42,549 --> 00:28:40,880
it may not be just that we have to be

726
00:28:44,950 --> 00:28:42,559
very careful in our interpretations they

727
00:28:47,909 --> 00:28:44,960
could also be water reacting with

728
00:28:49,590 --> 00:28:47,919
particular types of rocks like olivine

729
00:28:51,590 --> 00:28:49,600
in fact that's what we think is going on

730
00:28:54,310 --> 00:28:51,600
mars some of you may have heard that

731
00:28:55,870 --> 00:28:54,320
we've discovered methane on mars it very

732
00:28:59,190 --> 00:28:55,880
well could be a

733
00:29:01,590 --> 00:28:59,200
non-biological source

734
00:29:04,789 --> 00:29:01,600
water so this much water this is what we

735
00:29:07,750 --> 00:29:04,799
call a broad line this much water infers

736
00:29:09,510 --> 00:29:07,760
a lot of water vapor in the atmosphere

737
00:29:11,430 --> 00:29:09,520
and if you know your planet is in the

738
00:29:12,870 --> 00:29:11,440
habitable zone of its star

739
00:29:14,710 --> 00:29:12,880
now you're thinking wow

740
00:29:17,110 --> 00:29:14,720
that water vapor may very well be

741
00:29:19,029 --> 00:29:17,120
related to liquid water so now we're

742
00:29:20,389 --> 00:29:19,039
feeling pretty confident that we're onto

743
00:29:22,310 --> 00:29:20,399
something big

744
00:29:23,830 --> 00:29:22,320
and then oxygen

745
00:29:26,549 --> 00:29:23,840
oxygen on earth

746
00:29:29,510 --> 00:29:26,559
comes mainly from photosynthesis from

747
00:29:31,669 --> 00:29:29,520
plants and bacteria so if we find oxygen

748
00:29:33,350 --> 00:29:31,679
that would be a very exciting and

749
00:29:35,750 --> 00:29:33,360
momentous occasion

750
00:29:38,310 --> 00:29:35,760
especially because oxygen is so reactive

751
00:29:39,110 --> 00:29:38,320
it loves to rust things

752
00:29:42,230 --> 00:29:39,120
and

753
00:29:44,789 --> 00:29:42,240
it loves to solubilize in ocean so if we

754
00:29:47,430 --> 00:29:44,799
if we find this much oxygen we know

755
00:29:48,549 --> 00:29:47,440
something is continuously generating the

756
00:29:50,950 --> 00:29:48,559
oxygen

757
00:29:52,230 --> 00:29:50,960
so we that points to possible evidence

758
00:29:54,950 --> 00:29:52,240
of life

759
00:29:57,430 --> 00:29:54,960
and it loves to react with hydrocarbons

760
00:29:58,389 --> 00:29:57,440
so if we find

761
00:30:00,310 --> 00:29:58,399
methane

762
00:30:02,630 --> 00:30:00,320
in the presence of oxygen that is

763
00:30:04,870 --> 00:30:02,640
practically a slam dunk for the

764
00:30:06,389 --> 00:30:04,880
conclusion we have found life

765
00:30:09,110 --> 00:30:06,399
we may not know if it's intelligent life

766
00:30:09,909 --> 00:30:09,120
but we definitely have found life

767
00:30:12,149 --> 00:30:09,919
now

768
00:30:14,710 --> 00:30:12,159
let me take a step back

769
00:30:16,710 --> 00:30:14,720
we have no clue of what life might look

770
00:30:18,630 --> 00:30:16,720
like on another planet

771
00:30:21,110 --> 00:30:18,640
so we have no idea if it will follow

772
00:30:23,590 --> 00:30:21,120
this or take a different path so when we

773
00:30:24,630 --> 00:30:23,600
build our future instruments which we

774
00:30:28,549 --> 00:30:24,640
are

775
00:30:31,029 --> 00:30:28,559
sensitive enough and robust enough

776
00:30:32,870 --> 00:30:31,039
to measure a whole slew of gases and

777
00:30:35,990 --> 00:30:32,880
different types of phenomenon so we can

778
00:30:38,389 --> 00:30:36,000
piece that story together and conclude

779
00:30:40,310 --> 00:30:38,399
what is it that we have found oxygen by

780
00:30:43,350 --> 00:30:40,320
itself water by itself

781
00:30:45,190 --> 00:30:43,360
is compelling but it's the whole story

782
00:30:47,990 --> 00:30:45,200
together that allows us to conclude

783
00:30:49,590 --> 00:30:48,000
whether or not we have found life

784
00:30:50,389 --> 00:30:49,600
all right what's special about this

785
00:30:53,590 --> 00:30:50,399
technique

786
00:30:55,990 --> 00:30:53,600
is we have to capture the light from the

787
00:30:57,269 --> 00:30:56,000
star and the planet

788
00:30:59,269 --> 00:30:57,279
it's not like those other techniques

789
00:31:01,190 --> 00:30:59,279
that were indirect we have to capture

790
00:31:03,510 --> 00:31:01,200
the light from the planet

791
00:31:04,630 --> 00:31:03,520
so now let's move over to the technology

792
00:31:07,110 --> 00:31:04,640
portion

793
00:31:09,510 --> 00:31:07,120
of our journey it's called direct

794
00:31:12,149 --> 00:31:09,520
imaging of exoplanets very few

795
00:31:14,149 --> 00:31:12,159
exoplanets have ever been imaged out of

796
00:31:16,230 --> 00:31:14,159
those 1800

797
00:31:18,310 --> 00:31:16,240
planets that we discussed earlier only

798
00:31:20,389 --> 00:31:18,320
maybe three dozen or so have actually

799
00:31:23,029 --> 00:31:20,399
been imaged and they all are the same

800
00:31:25,830 --> 00:31:23,039
they're big gaseous

801
00:31:27,750 --> 00:31:25,840
young hot self-illuminous

802
00:31:31,269 --> 00:31:27,760
planets that make it easy to take a

803
00:31:32,789 --> 00:31:31,279
picture of no small older planets all

804
00:31:34,230 --> 00:31:32,799
right remember this chart here where we

805
00:31:36,230 --> 00:31:34,240
talked about how the light from the star

806
00:31:38,230 --> 00:31:36,240
reflects off the planet into our

807
00:31:40,549 --> 00:31:38,240
telescopes

808
00:31:42,950 --> 00:31:40,559
i didn't mention one important thing

809
00:31:45,110 --> 00:31:42,960
this telescope is certainly going to

810
00:31:47,750 --> 00:31:45,120
receive the light from the planet with

811
00:31:50,149 --> 00:31:47,760
potential evidence of life

812
00:31:52,470 --> 00:31:50,159
but it's also going to receive a lot of

813
00:31:54,549 --> 00:31:52,480
light from the star

814
00:31:55,430 --> 00:31:54,559
right so when a telescope stares at a

815
00:31:57,110 --> 00:31:55,440
star

816
00:31:58,470 --> 00:31:57,120
it doesn't see these beautiful planets

817
00:32:02,230 --> 00:31:58,480
like i show here

818
00:32:03,269 --> 00:32:02,240
it looks like this a big glaringly

819
00:32:07,590 --> 00:32:03,279
bright

820
00:32:09,350 --> 00:32:07,600
the light was scattering off some of the

821
00:32:11,190 --> 00:32:09,360
support optics

822
00:32:12,630 --> 00:32:11,200
the support structure within the optics

823
00:32:15,190 --> 00:32:12,640
and that's what all this

824
00:32:17,029 --> 00:32:15,200
scatter is so how are we going to find

825
00:32:19,350 --> 00:32:17,039
planets through all of that right what

826
00:32:20,389 --> 00:32:19,360
we want to do is dim the light of the

827
00:32:23,190 --> 00:32:20,399
star

828
00:32:25,190 --> 00:32:23,200
so that we can see any potential planets

829
00:32:28,789 --> 00:32:25,200
orbiting really close by

830
00:32:31,029 --> 00:32:28,799
that is really hard how hard

831
00:32:33,590 --> 00:32:31,039
an earth-sized planet in the habitable

832
00:32:34,870 --> 00:32:33,600
zone of a sun-like star

833
00:32:38,710 --> 00:32:34,880
is 10

834
00:32:41,669 --> 00:32:38,720
billion times fainter than the star so

835
00:32:43,750 --> 00:32:41,679
let me put that in context for you

836
00:32:47,110 --> 00:32:43,760
see this little planet over here

837
00:32:48,710 --> 00:32:47,120
it is 5 000 times fainter than the star

838
00:32:51,110 --> 00:32:48,720
that we masked out

839
00:32:53,590 --> 00:32:51,120
5 000 times so

840
00:32:55,590 --> 00:32:53,600
stare at this planet and now think of

841
00:32:58,389 --> 00:32:55,600
something that's 10

842
00:33:00,070 --> 00:32:58,399
million times fainter

843
00:33:02,310 --> 00:33:00,080
to get to 10 billion

844
00:33:03,350 --> 00:33:02,320
that's the challenge we have in front of

845
00:33:05,590 --> 00:33:03,360
us

846
00:33:08,389 --> 00:33:05,600
oh and oh by the way

847
00:33:10,710 --> 00:33:08,399
it's even more complicated

848
00:33:11,590 --> 00:33:10,720
imagine it's like trying to find a

849
00:33:14,950 --> 00:33:11,600
little

850
00:33:18,389 --> 00:33:14,960
teeny weeny firefly that's flying

851
00:33:22,149 --> 00:33:18,399
randomly in some direction around an

852
00:33:23,430 --> 00:33:22,159
enormously bright beacon of light

853
00:33:25,830 --> 00:33:23,440
and

854
00:33:27,750 --> 00:33:25,840
the lighthouse

855
00:33:29,750 --> 00:33:27,760
is off the coast of new york

856
00:33:31,750 --> 00:33:29,760
and we remain here

857
00:33:35,350 --> 00:33:31,760
in pasadena

858
00:33:37,509 --> 00:33:35,360
that's how hard this is

859
00:33:39,509 --> 00:33:37,519
okay so our challenge is to take a star

860
00:33:41,669 --> 00:33:39,519
like this

861
00:33:43,110 --> 00:33:41,679
remove as much of the starlight as

862
00:33:46,149 --> 00:33:43,120
possible

863
00:33:49,430 --> 00:33:46,159
and then probe the outer regions for

864
00:33:51,029 --> 00:33:49,440
evidence of planets let's take a look at

865
00:33:53,509 --> 00:33:51,039
the two techniques that are being

866
00:33:55,830 --> 00:33:53,519
championed here at jpl in fact i see a

867
00:33:58,789 --> 00:33:55,840
lot of the engineers that are working on

868
00:34:01,830 --> 00:33:58,799
these very challenging

869
00:34:04,710 --> 00:34:01,840
technologies first one the coronagraph

870
00:34:07,110 --> 00:34:04,720
it's a small optic that fits inside the

871
00:34:08,869 --> 00:34:07,120
telescope its job is to block

872
00:34:10,790 --> 00:34:08,879
the starlight

873
00:34:13,270 --> 00:34:10,800
the second technology

874
00:34:15,430 --> 00:34:13,280
is the star shade same thing instead of

875
00:34:17,349 --> 00:34:15,440
this little optic blocking starlight

876
00:34:19,109 --> 00:34:17,359
inside of your telescope this one is

877
00:34:21,669 --> 00:34:19,119
going to block the starlight

878
00:34:23,510 --> 00:34:21,679
outside of your telescope there are pros

879
00:34:25,750 --> 00:34:23,520
and cons for both

880
00:34:28,950 --> 00:34:25,760
why don't we go ahead and start with the

881
00:34:30,230 --> 00:34:28,960
star shade now who better to explain the

882
00:34:33,349 --> 00:34:30,240
star shades

883
00:34:37,589 --> 00:34:33,359
than our beloved carl sagan

884
00:34:38,790 --> 00:34:37,599
this clip was taken from circa 1979

885
00:34:40,550 --> 00:34:38,800
i don't know if any of you have ever

886
00:34:42,710 --> 00:34:40,560
seen this

887
00:34:50,069 --> 00:34:42,720
and on those other worlds

888
00:34:53,510 --> 00:34:51,270
here

889
00:34:55,430 --> 00:34:53,520
is a light bulb which is supposed to

890
00:34:57,510 --> 00:34:55,440
represent a nearby star

891
00:35:00,230 --> 00:34:57,520
and next to it and very hard to see

892
00:35:02,550 --> 00:35:00,240
because the bright light is a planet now

893
00:35:04,870 --> 00:35:02,560
we'll need a volunteer who would like to

894
00:35:07,030 --> 00:35:04,880
come up with these

895
00:35:08,550 --> 00:35:07,040
ordinarily you would have a hard time

896
00:35:12,630 --> 00:35:08,560
seeing the planet because it's so close

897
00:35:14,630 --> 00:35:12,640
that the star washes out the planet but

898
00:35:16,470 --> 00:35:14,640
if we were able to put something in

899
00:35:18,630 --> 00:35:16,480
front of the star

900
00:35:20,550 --> 00:35:18,640
to make an artificial eclipse then we

901
00:35:22,150 --> 00:35:20,560
might be able to see the planet so i'm

902
00:35:23,109 --> 00:35:22,160
going to stand over here imagine that

903
00:35:24,790 --> 00:35:23,119
i'm

904
00:35:27,670 --> 00:35:24,800
a telescope

905
00:35:30,390 --> 00:35:27,680
somewhere near the earth and tab if

906
00:35:32,630 --> 00:35:30,400
you'd slowly move the disc across

907
00:35:34,310 --> 00:35:32,640
good a little faster be nice

908
00:35:35,510 --> 00:35:34,320
but now you're just beginning to cover

909
00:35:37,510 --> 00:35:35,520
over the star

910
00:35:40,310 --> 00:35:37,520
i i really can't see the planet at all

911
00:35:43,430 --> 00:35:40,320
keep going good now right there

912
00:35:44,630 --> 00:35:43,440
i can't see the star at all and i see

913
00:35:47,030 --> 00:35:44,640
the planet

914
00:35:49,829 --> 00:35:47,040
lit by the light of the star

915
00:35:54,870 --> 00:35:49,839
now that is a method for looking

916
00:36:01,990 --> 00:35:57,670
i love her face

917
00:36:03,430 --> 00:36:02,000
the definition of deep infatuation

918
00:36:07,510 --> 00:36:03,440
okay so

919
00:36:10,069 --> 00:36:07,520
35 years later after that video came out

920
00:36:13,270 --> 00:36:10,079
that carl explained his concept

921
00:36:15,349 --> 00:36:13,280
jpl engineers in collaboration with our

922
00:36:18,390 --> 00:36:15,359
colleagues at universities and in

923
00:36:23,670 --> 00:36:18,400
industry have come up with the concept

924
00:36:27,030 --> 00:36:24,470
we

925
00:36:30,470 --> 00:36:27,040
fly two spacecrafts at the same time

926
00:36:36,230 --> 00:36:30,480
they separate in space here's oops let's

927
00:36:41,349 --> 00:36:37,349
they

928
00:36:43,750 --> 00:36:41,359
is your telescope

929
00:36:46,390 --> 00:36:43,760
here is your shade you can see the shade

930
00:36:48,470 --> 00:36:46,400
has unfurled its petals now it's it's

931
00:36:51,510 --> 00:36:48,480
extending its inner structure

932
00:36:53,670 --> 00:36:51,520
out to the size of a baseball diamond

933
00:36:55,430 --> 00:36:53,680
these are two individual spacecrafts

934
00:36:57,829 --> 00:36:55,440
they communicate with each other the

935
00:36:59,670 --> 00:36:57,839
shade is now heading towards its first

936
00:37:01,670 --> 00:36:59,680
star of interest

937
00:37:04,790 --> 00:37:01,680
the telescope is aligning itself to it

938
00:37:06,710 --> 00:37:04,800
waiting for the shade to pass in front

939
00:37:08,950 --> 00:37:06,720
of the star and then

940
00:37:10,790 --> 00:37:08,960
we see the reflected light

941
00:37:17,750 --> 00:37:10,800
from the planets

942
00:37:22,790 --> 00:37:19,829
let's take a closer look at

943
00:37:26,950 --> 00:37:22,800
this technology so the star shade itself

944
00:37:28,950 --> 00:37:26,960
is tens of meters in diameter

945
00:37:30,550 --> 00:37:28,960
us it blocks the starlight if there

946
00:37:33,190 --> 00:37:30,560
happens to be a planet

947
00:37:35,510 --> 00:37:33,200
its light will skirt the edges of the

948
00:37:37,109 --> 00:37:35,520
shade and enter the telescope once it

949
00:37:38,950 --> 00:37:37,119
enters the telescope it goes through the

950
00:37:42,150 --> 00:37:38,960
prism the prism breaks it out into a

951
00:37:44,470 --> 00:37:42,160
rainbow of colors we look for evidence

952
00:37:47,589 --> 00:37:44,480
of life the distance between these two

953
00:37:50,150 --> 00:37:47,599
spacecrafts are 30 to 50 thousand

954
00:37:51,510 --> 00:37:50,160
kilometers so to put that in a ballpark

955
00:37:52,470 --> 00:37:51,520
that maybe we can understand more

956
00:37:56,630 --> 00:37:52,480
readily

957
00:37:58,550 --> 00:37:56,640
three to four earth diameters

958
00:38:00,230 --> 00:37:58,560
and then as the two as these two

959
00:38:03,190 --> 00:38:00,240
spacecrafts are aligning they have to

960
00:38:06,630 --> 00:38:03,200
maintain an alignment to an offset of

961
00:38:09,670 --> 00:38:06,640
about one meter in either direction

962
00:38:11,750 --> 00:38:09,680
that's pretty tight

963
00:38:14,069 --> 00:38:11,760
once the observation of the star has

964
00:38:15,670 --> 00:38:14,079
concluded either the telescope or the

965
00:38:18,310 --> 00:38:15,680
star shade will now

966
00:38:21,589 --> 00:38:18,320
slew across the sky and look for its

967
00:38:24,870 --> 00:38:21,599
next target they realign and we start

968
00:38:27,910 --> 00:38:26,069
now

969
00:38:31,030 --> 00:38:27,920
some of you are probably asking what's

970
00:38:33,270 --> 00:38:31,040
with the pedals right carl did not show

971
00:38:34,870 --> 00:38:33,280
those petals well perhaps what carl

972
00:38:36,710 --> 00:38:34,880
didn't have time to explain to his

973
00:38:37,589 --> 00:38:36,720
elementary school class

974
00:38:39,990 --> 00:38:37,599
is

975
00:38:42,069 --> 00:38:40,000
diffraction

976
00:38:42,950 --> 00:38:42,079
we're going to get into physics here

977
00:38:44,630 --> 00:38:42,960
here's

978
00:38:46,390 --> 00:38:44,640
an aerial view of an island off the

979
00:38:48,710 --> 00:38:46,400
coast off the coast of norway

980
00:38:50,230 --> 00:38:48,720
you can see the ocean or the sea is

981
00:38:52,390 --> 00:38:50,240
moving from the bottom

982
00:38:55,030 --> 00:38:52,400
right to the top left you would think

983
00:38:57,829 --> 00:38:55,040
you would think that this island should

984
00:39:00,230 --> 00:38:57,839
act like an umbrella it should just stop

985
00:39:03,510 --> 00:39:00,240
the waves and behind it there should be

986
00:39:06,230 --> 00:39:03,520
just still water and that's absolutely

987
00:39:09,190 --> 00:39:06,240
what you don't see behind it you see the

988
00:39:12,310 --> 00:39:09,200
effects of diffraction the bending of

989
00:39:14,230 --> 00:39:12,320
light the bending of water

990
00:39:16,470 --> 00:39:14,240
you can see it's bending this way it's

991
00:39:19,430 --> 00:39:16,480
bending this way so back here there are

992
00:39:21,750 --> 00:39:19,440
plenty of waves same over here

993
00:39:24,550 --> 00:39:21,760
land masses don't seem to stop the

994
00:39:26,310 --> 00:39:24,560
effects of diffraction let's take a look

995
00:39:28,310 --> 00:39:26,320
at a simulation

996
00:39:29,430 --> 00:39:28,320
by some colleagues at st mary's

997
00:39:31,670 --> 00:39:29,440
university

998
00:39:35,030 --> 00:39:31,680
in canada

999
00:39:36,950 --> 00:39:35,040
imagine the star shade is placed edge on

1000
00:39:38,550 --> 00:39:36,960
and it's right here again you would

1001
00:39:40,790 --> 00:39:38,560
think that the star shade would just

1002
00:39:42,550 --> 00:39:40,800
block all the light so back here you

1003
00:39:44,150 --> 00:39:42,560
would see nothing well sure enough

1004
00:39:46,710 --> 00:39:44,160
because of the effects of diffraction

1005
00:39:48,150 --> 00:39:46,720
the light has bent around it so

1006
00:39:50,310 --> 00:39:48,160
if you're interested in putting a

1007
00:39:52,950 --> 00:39:50,320
telescope there or a camera you're going

1008
00:39:58,630 --> 00:39:52,960
to be still blinded by the light of the

1009
00:40:03,510 --> 00:40:02,390
so the petals are analytically designed

1010
00:40:05,589 --> 00:40:03,520
to not

1011
00:40:08,790 --> 00:40:05,599
stop the fraction you could never stop

1012
00:40:11,750 --> 00:40:08,800
diffraction but you can redirect it you

1013
00:40:14,390 --> 00:40:11,760
can redirect it away from your telescope

1014
00:40:16,390 --> 00:40:14,400
and your camera such that there's a dark

1015
00:40:18,790 --> 00:40:16,400
shadow behind it here's a computer

1016
00:40:20,550 --> 00:40:18,800
simulation that shows how the pedals

1017
00:40:23,990 --> 00:40:20,560
work they send all the light to the

1018
00:40:27,030 --> 00:40:24,000
outside leaving behind a very deep and

1019
00:40:28,230 --> 00:40:27,040
dark shadow where we can maybe find the

1020
00:40:31,510 --> 00:40:28,240
faint

1021
00:40:32,710 --> 00:40:31,520
evidence of these exoplanets so here's

1022
00:40:34,230 --> 00:40:32,720
your shadow

1023
00:40:36,550 --> 00:40:34,240
and that's where you place your

1024
00:40:40,710 --> 00:40:36,560
telescope the telescope just has to sit

1025
00:40:42,550 --> 00:40:40,720
in the shadow created by the star shade

1026
00:40:44,790 --> 00:40:42,560
you're probably also wondering about now

1027
00:40:48,230 --> 00:40:44,800
how do we get something the size of a

1028
00:40:49,910 --> 00:40:48,240
baseball diamond folded into a rocket

1029
00:40:52,950 --> 00:40:49,920
well let's work backwards here's your

1030
00:40:54,390 --> 00:40:52,960
fully deployed star shade it folds like

1031
00:40:55,589 --> 00:40:54,400
an accordion or it folds like an

1032
00:40:58,150 --> 00:40:55,599
umbrella

1033
00:40:59,750 --> 00:40:58,160
the inner the inner portions do and then

1034
00:41:02,950 --> 00:40:59,760
you're just left with the pedals and the

1035
00:41:04,630 --> 00:41:02,960
pedals will just furl around a hub

1036
00:41:07,109 --> 00:41:04,640
and then you can end up with a very

1037
00:41:09,829 --> 00:41:07,119
stowed tightly

1038
00:41:13,030 --> 00:41:09,839
stoned configuration that fits nicely

1039
00:41:16,309 --> 00:41:14,790
let's take a look at a demo that we just

1040
00:41:17,910 --> 00:41:16,319
did recently

1041
00:41:19,750 --> 00:41:17,920
at jpl so

1042
00:41:20,390 --> 00:41:19,760
let's pick up the story where the pedals

1043
00:41:24,230 --> 00:41:20,400
are

1044
00:41:26,870 --> 00:41:24,240
of our

1045
00:41:28,069 --> 00:41:26,880
ace engineers and a summer student in

1046
00:41:29,030 --> 00:41:28,079
the back

1047
00:41:30,950 --> 00:41:29,040
and

1048
00:41:32,710 --> 00:41:30,960
i'm gonna run this video for you we only

1049
00:41:35,190 --> 00:41:32,720
put four pedals on by the way because we

1050
00:41:37,990 --> 00:41:35,200
couldn't fit any more pedals in the room

1051
00:41:39,990 --> 00:41:38,000
this is a half scale demonstration so

1052
00:41:41,589 --> 00:41:40,000
it's it's certainly not complete but

1053
00:41:43,430 --> 00:41:41,599
it's a proof of concept

1054
00:41:45,510 --> 00:41:43,440
and i just want to point out there's a

1055
00:41:47,670 --> 00:41:45,520
bunch of what we call trusses and the

1056
00:41:49,349 --> 00:41:47,680
trusses are folded into each other and

1057
00:41:51,430 --> 00:41:49,359
you're about to see them

1058
00:41:52,710 --> 00:41:51,440
expand and keep your eye on the pedals

1059
00:41:54,950 --> 00:41:52,720
how do they go

1060
00:41:57,030 --> 00:41:54,960
from a vertical configuration to a

1061
00:41:58,390 --> 00:41:57,040
horizontal configuration

1062
00:42:00,309 --> 00:41:58,400
i'll give you a hint

1063
00:42:03,510 --> 00:42:00,319
there's a couple very small motors in

1064
00:42:05,910 --> 00:42:03,520
here that are pulling on a steel cable

1065
00:42:11,030 --> 00:42:05,920
and as they do that everything starts to

1066
00:42:15,270 --> 00:42:13,190
okay here we go

1067
00:42:16,710 --> 00:42:15,280
we we sped this up a little bit

1068
00:42:18,470 --> 00:42:16,720
now

1069
00:42:21,030 --> 00:42:18,480
oops sorry i did that again let's try it

1070
00:42:24,390 --> 00:42:23,430
okay here we go

1071
00:42:25,910 --> 00:42:24,400
so

1072
00:42:27,349 --> 00:42:25,920
we've sped this up this engineer here by

1073
00:42:29,030 --> 00:42:27,359
the way is keeping his eye on the motor

1074
00:42:30,950 --> 00:42:29,040
that's one of the two motors

1075
00:42:33,589 --> 00:42:30,960
and it's like reeling in a fishing line

1076
00:42:36,069 --> 00:42:33,599
as the as the cable gets reeled in it

1077
00:42:38,870 --> 00:42:36,079
spreads out these trusses until they

1078
00:42:40,230 --> 00:42:38,880
continue to elongate elongate elongate

1079
00:42:42,870 --> 00:42:40,240
and then at certain point in fact you

1080
00:42:45,349 --> 00:42:42,880
can see they're still not fully

1081
00:42:51,349 --> 00:42:45,359
deployed wait for it at some point

1082
00:42:55,829 --> 00:42:53,030
right there just before there's a little

1083
00:42:57,430 --> 00:42:55,839
hiccup there and it's fully deployed

1084
00:42:59,510 --> 00:42:57,440
the good news is that there's a lot of

1085
00:43:01,670 --> 00:42:59,520
heritage for this type of technology

1086
00:43:03,349 --> 00:43:01,680
we've borrowed from our friends in the

1087
00:43:05,670 --> 00:43:03,359
aerospace industry that have flown

1088
00:43:07,030 --> 00:43:05,680
things like this for

1089
00:43:09,670 --> 00:43:07,040
radio

1090
00:43:11,270 --> 00:43:09,680
communications and antennas in fact

1091
00:43:14,309 --> 00:43:11,280
there's one right behind you in the

1092
00:43:16,150 --> 00:43:14,319
corner that is that's the smap telescope

1093
00:43:19,349 --> 00:43:16,160
that was just deployed just a few months

1094
00:43:21,510 --> 00:43:19,359
ago using some very similar technology

1095
00:43:24,710 --> 00:43:21,520
so we're confident that it would work

1096
00:43:26,710 --> 00:43:24,720
the engineers at jpl have simplified

1097
00:43:27,910 --> 00:43:26,720
design making it simpler

1098
00:43:29,829 --> 00:43:27,920
lighter

1099
00:43:30,950 --> 00:43:29,839
and integrates with

1100
00:43:32,790 --> 00:43:30,960
the pedals

1101
00:43:35,190 --> 00:43:32,800
we encourage you perhaps during an open

1102
00:43:36,710 --> 00:43:35,200
house to come and visit us

1103
00:43:41,589 --> 00:43:36,720
we'll be perhaps a little bit more

1104
00:43:45,270 --> 00:43:42,950
all right how about how it works

1105
00:43:47,829 --> 00:43:45,280
optically so our colleagues at northrop

1106
00:43:50,150 --> 00:43:47,839
grumman here in southern california

1107
00:43:52,790 --> 00:43:50,160
received a grant from nasa

1108
00:43:53,750 --> 00:43:52,800
to demonstrate how this works optically

1109
00:43:55,589 --> 00:43:53,760
so

1110
00:43:57,990 --> 00:43:55,599
here's northrop grumman's

1111
00:44:01,670 --> 00:43:58,000
setup in a dry

1112
00:44:03,670 --> 00:44:01,680
lake bed in the deserts of nevada

1113
00:44:06,309 --> 00:44:03,680
here's your telescope

1114
00:44:09,750 --> 00:44:06,319
two kilometers away you see

1115
00:44:11,990 --> 00:44:09,760
a simulated star it's a very bright lamp

1116
00:44:14,069 --> 00:44:12,000
what you don't see are the simulated

1117
00:44:14,950 --> 00:44:14,079
planets that are next to the bright

1118
00:44:18,230 --> 00:44:14,960
lamp

1119
00:44:20,950 --> 00:44:18,240
and then in the middle

1120
00:44:23,589 --> 00:44:20,960
is a prototype of the star shade and the

1121
00:44:27,270 --> 00:44:23,599
shape is really really important in fact

1122
00:44:33,349 --> 00:44:29,270
and this is something we've tested or or

1123
00:44:39,349 --> 00:44:36,550
the actual star shade will be about 120

1124
00:44:40,710 --> 00:44:39,359
times bigger than this one

1125
00:44:43,109 --> 00:44:40,720
and what you don't see and maybe

1126
00:44:44,069 --> 00:44:43,119
afterwards you can come up these petals

1127
00:44:46,790 --> 00:44:44,079
have

1128
00:44:49,109 --> 00:44:46,800
lots of wiggles and those wiggles are

1129
00:44:52,230 --> 00:44:49,119
critical because they help with the

1130
00:44:53,670 --> 00:44:52,240
diffraction of the starlight

1131
00:44:58,470 --> 00:44:53,680
let's take a look

1132
00:45:02,790 --> 00:45:00,790
so they're going to move the star shade

1133
00:45:04,870 --> 00:45:02,800
in position in front of the lamp and

1134
00:45:11,510 --> 00:45:04,880
boom right there there's our first

1135
00:45:15,510 --> 00:45:13,430
i'll let that run again

1136
00:45:18,390 --> 00:45:15,520
so the objective is to get

1137
00:45:20,470 --> 00:45:18,400
to see planets as close as possible to

1138
00:45:22,630 --> 00:45:20,480
the starship

1139
00:45:24,230 --> 00:45:22,640
okay so let's take a look at some of

1140
00:45:26,309 --> 00:45:24,240
their data they were thrilled to get

1141
00:45:28,309 --> 00:45:26,319
this bright planet

1142
00:45:29,349 --> 00:45:28,319
but do you guys see this faint planet

1143
00:45:30,710 --> 00:45:29,359
that was the one they were really

1144
00:45:32,550 --> 00:45:30,720
excited about that's getting a little

1145
00:45:34,870 --> 00:45:32,560
bit closer to what we're looking for

1146
00:45:37,910 --> 00:45:34,880
that simulated planet is a hundred

1147
00:45:40,470 --> 00:45:37,920
million times fainter than the simulated

1148
00:45:42,150 --> 00:45:40,480
star so we're getting closer to our

1149
00:45:45,430 --> 00:45:42,160
overall objectives

1150
00:45:47,990 --> 00:45:45,440
we acknowledge that the sizes

1151
00:45:50,230 --> 00:45:48,000
are not exactly what we expect in space

1152
00:45:51,829 --> 00:45:50,240
as we mature our demonstrations they

1153
00:45:55,589 --> 00:45:51,839
will get a little bit closer to what we

1154
00:45:56,550 --> 00:45:55,599
will actually fly but it's a good start

1155
00:45:58,069 --> 00:45:56,560
all right

1156
00:46:00,710 --> 00:45:58,079
let's now go

1157
00:46:02,630 --> 00:46:00,720
to the coronagraph so imagine taking

1158
00:46:04,870 --> 00:46:02,640
that big star shade

1159
00:46:06,630 --> 00:46:04,880
and shrinking it down so it can fit in

1160
00:46:07,990 --> 00:46:06,640
between your fingers

1161
00:46:11,910 --> 00:46:08,000
and put that

1162
00:46:13,510 --> 00:46:11,920
into into your telescope

1163
00:46:15,750 --> 00:46:13,520
the the motivation for the for the

1164
00:46:18,390 --> 00:46:15,760
chronograph comes from studies of the

1165
00:46:21,510 --> 00:46:18,400
corona so the corona is these faint

1166
00:46:22,470 --> 00:46:21,520
wispy structures in the atmosphere of

1167
00:46:24,309 --> 00:46:22,480
our sun

1168
00:46:27,030 --> 00:46:24,319
and they can only be seen when we have a

1169
00:46:29,190 --> 00:46:27,040
perfect eclipse of the sun

1170
00:46:31,349 --> 00:46:29,200
by the moon well if you're a scientist

1171
00:46:33,349 --> 00:46:31,359
wanting to study this it's kind of a

1172
00:46:34,870 --> 00:46:33,359
long time to wait for an eclipse then

1173
00:46:37,750 --> 00:46:34,880
you have to travel to

1174
00:46:39,910 --> 00:46:37,760
the other other parts of the earth so a

1175
00:46:42,870 --> 00:46:39,920
french astronomer asked the question why

1176
00:46:44,790 --> 00:46:42,880
not have a synthetic

1177
00:46:47,190 --> 00:46:44,800
eclipse that he could put into his

1178
00:46:49,510 --> 00:46:47,200
telescope and observe the corona any

1179
00:46:51,510 --> 00:46:49,520
time he wants that that's exactly what

1180
00:46:53,670 --> 00:46:51,520
he did and he was very successful in

1181
00:46:55,190 --> 00:46:53,680
observing the corona however as we've

1182
00:46:57,190 --> 00:46:55,200
just learned

1183
00:47:00,230 --> 00:46:57,200
these circular discs are not that

1184
00:47:03,349 --> 00:47:00,240
effective because of diffraction to look

1185
00:47:05,750 --> 00:47:03,359
for faint planets so astronomers

1186
00:47:07,990 --> 00:47:05,760
here at jpl as well as elsewhere have

1187
00:47:11,109 --> 00:47:08,000
worked over the last 20 years in

1188
00:47:13,990 --> 00:47:11,119
modifying these masks to take care of

1189
00:47:15,430 --> 00:47:14,000
the diffraction to redirect it same

1190
00:47:18,790 --> 00:47:15,440
thing

1191
00:47:20,790 --> 00:47:18,800
let's let's take a look at

1192
00:47:22,829 --> 00:47:20,800
how the chronograph works

1193
00:47:25,349 --> 00:47:22,839
this is probably a good time to dim the

1194
00:47:26,470 --> 00:47:25,359
lights and you might recognize the

1195
00:47:27,270 --> 00:47:26,480
narrator

1196
00:47:48,390 --> 00:47:27,280
but

1197
00:47:52,710 --> 00:47:50,630
this exoplanet in the distant solar

1198
00:47:54,870 --> 00:47:52,720
system appears to have features very

1199
00:47:58,630 --> 00:47:54,880
similar to our own earth

1200
00:48:00,630 --> 00:47:58,640
it has continents oceans and clouds

1201
00:48:02,870 --> 00:48:00,640
this star has another planet

1202
00:48:06,550 --> 00:48:02,880
this one appears to be a gas giant not

1203
00:48:08,790 --> 00:48:06,560
unlike jupiter in our own solar system

1204
00:48:11,589 --> 00:48:08,800
as we move further away the two planets

1205
00:48:13,430 --> 00:48:11,599
disappear into the glare of their sun

1206
00:48:15,430 --> 00:48:13,440
the star now looks like all the other

1207
00:48:17,430 --> 00:48:15,440
stars in the night sky

1208
00:48:19,190 --> 00:48:17,440
how will we ever see these planets we

1209
00:48:21,510 --> 00:48:19,200
cannot yet travel there for the

1210
00:48:23,270 --> 00:48:21,520
distances to even the closest stars are

1211
00:48:25,910 --> 00:48:23,280
well beyond humanity's current

1212
00:48:28,150 --> 00:48:25,920
capability to traverse in our lifetimes

1213
00:48:29,750 --> 00:48:28,160
we will have to rely on a space

1214
00:48:32,870 --> 00:48:29,760
telescope

1215
00:48:35,349 --> 00:48:32,880
science instrument called the

1216
00:48:38,390 --> 00:48:35,359
coronagraph that is designed to separate

1217
00:48:39,990 --> 00:48:38,400
starlight from reflected planet light

1218
00:48:42,150 --> 00:48:40,000
as the light makes its way to the

1219
00:48:44,069 --> 00:48:42,160
chronograph we also notice signs of

1220
00:48:46,069 --> 00:48:44,079
small distortions picked up when the

1221
00:48:48,069 --> 00:48:46,079
light reflected off the tiniest of

1222
00:48:49,030 --> 00:48:48,079
imperfections in the telescope's larger

1223
00:48:51,349 --> 00:48:49,040
mirrors

1224
00:48:53,510 --> 00:48:51,359
with the chronograph not yet activated

1225
00:48:55,910 --> 00:48:53,520
we see on the monitor what the star

1226
00:48:58,390 --> 00:48:55,920
looks like through a telescope no matter

1227
00:49:00,710 --> 00:48:58,400
how large and perfect the telescope is

1228
00:49:03,349 --> 00:49:00,720
it turns what was once a point of light

1229
00:49:05,750 --> 00:49:03,359
in space into a round disc surrounded by

1230
00:49:08,069 --> 00:49:05,760
concentric rings the effect of what is

1231
00:49:10,150 --> 00:49:08,079
known as diffraction

1232
00:49:11,910 --> 00:49:10,160
somewhere behind the rings of light are

1233
00:49:14,069 --> 00:49:11,920
the two feign planets

1234
00:49:16,309 --> 00:49:14,079
as you're about to see a coronagraph

1235
00:49:17,750 --> 00:49:16,319
helps directly image faint planets by

1236
00:49:19,829 --> 00:49:17,760
doing three things

1237
00:49:22,069 --> 00:49:19,839
first a chronograph blocks most of the

1238
00:49:24,309 --> 00:49:22,079
incoming starlight using a mask with a

1239
00:49:26,390 --> 00:49:24,319
dark central region the mask is

1240
00:49:28,790 --> 00:49:26,400
carefully designed to redirect the

1241
00:49:30,790 --> 00:49:28,800
starlight that it does not block off to

1242
00:49:33,109 --> 00:49:30,800
the edges of the beam

1243
00:49:35,510 --> 00:49:33,119
as we see on the monitor the inserted

1244
00:49:37,349 --> 00:49:35,520
mask has already decreased much of the

1245
00:49:39,670 --> 00:49:37,359
central starlight

1246
00:49:41,589 --> 00:49:39,680
secondly a coronagraph removes the

1247
00:49:43,430 --> 00:49:41,599
effects of diffraction

1248
00:49:45,829 --> 00:49:43,440
when something that looks like a washer

1249
00:49:48,069 --> 00:49:45,839
is placed into the light path it blocks

1250
00:49:50,309 --> 00:49:48,079
the light in the edges of the beam and

1251
00:49:52,710 --> 00:49:50,319
the rings disappear

1252
00:49:54,870 --> 00:49:52,720
we have now managed to remove almost all

1253
00:49:57,030 --> 00:49:54,880
of the starlight and are now able to

1254
00:49:59,190 --> 00:49:57,040
view objects more than a million times

1255
00:50:00,870 --> 00:49:59,200
fainter than the star

1256
00:50:01,990 --> 00:50:00,880
but what happens to the light from a

1257
00:50:03,910 --> 00:50:02,000
planet

1258
00:50:05,670 --> 00:50:03,920
why doesn't it also get blocked by the

1259
00:50:07,270 --> 00:50:05,680
mass

1260
00:50:09,750 --> 00:50:07,280
because the telescope is pointing

1261
00:50:12,870 --> 00:50:09,760
directly at the star a planet's light

1262
00:50:16,150 --> 00:50:12,880
comes in at an angle misses the mask and

1263
00:50:17,990 --> 00:50:16,160
passes through the center of the washer

1264
00:50:19,670 --> 00:50:18,000
but we are still unable to see the

1265
00:50:21,990 --> 00:50:19,680
planets

1266
00:50:23,589 --> 00:50:22,000
if we look closely at the monitor when

1267
00:50:25,829 --> 00:50:23,599
we turn up the image signal by

1268
00:50:27,990 --> 00:50:25,839
collecting more light what appears to

1269
00:50:30,950 --> 00:50:28,000
have been a blank field actually

1270
00:50:33,030 --> 00:50:30,960
consists of blobs of leftover starlight

1271
00:50:35,270 --> 00:50:33,040
this scattered light due to minute

1272
00:50:37,670 --> 00:50:35,280
imperfections in the telescope's optics

1273
00:50:39,430 --> 00:50:37,680
is still hiding the faint planets so

1274
00:50:41,510 --> 00:50:39,440
this takes us to the third and last

1275
00:50:43,829 --> 00:50:41,520
element of the chronograph the removal

1276
00:50:45,750 --> 00:50:43,839
of these scattered blobs a special

1277
00:50:47,910 --> 00:50:45,760
mirror is used with hundreds of tiny

1278
00:50:50,150 --> 00:50:47,920
pistons behind it that can change its

1279
00:50:52,069 --> 00:50:50,160
shape so as to correct the distortions

1280
00:50:54,630 --> 00:50:52,079
in the light beam

1281
00:50:57,190 --> 00:50:54,640
as the mirror deforms the blobs of light

1282
00:50:59,510 --> 00:50:57,200
as seen on the monitor slowly begin

1283
00:51:02,230 --> 00:50:59,520
disappearing finally revealing the

1284
00:51:04,630 --> 00:51:02,240
brighter of the two planets

1285
00:51:07,349 --> 00:51:04,640
afterwards the fainter planet also comes

1286
00:51:11,750 --> 00:51:09,430
we can now start to see objects more

1287
00:51:13,109 --> 00:51:11,760
than a billion times fainter than the

1288
00:51:19,030 --> 00:51:13,119
star

1289
00:51:20,950 --> 00:51:19,040
have discovered our two planets

1290
00:51:22,549 --> 00:51:20,960
and if the light from these is passed

1291
00:51:24,870 --> 00:51:22,559
through a prism

1292
00:51:26,630 --> 00:51:24,880
we will see the lights spread out into

1293
00:51:28,870 --> 00:51:26,640
rainbows of color

1294
00:51:29,990 --> 00:51:28,880
but when looking closely some colors are

1295
00:51:32,230 --> 00:51:30,000
missing

1296
00:51:34,150 --> 00:51:32,240
they were absorbed by gases in each

1297
00:51:36,790 --> 00:51:34,160
planet's atmosphere giving us important

1298
00:51:39,109 --> 00:51:36,800
clues about their composition

1299
00:51:49,190 --> 00:51:39,119
the search for life in the universe has

1300
00:51:55,190 --> 00:51:51,430
so a little more complicated than it

1301
00:51:59,510 --> 00:51:56,870
so i just wanted to bring you up to date

1302
00:52:01,990 --> 00:51:59,520
on where we are with this technology so

1303
00:52:03,670 --> 00:52:02,000
here at jpl i i have the privilege of

1304
00:52:06,630 --> 00:52:03,680
working with some of the finest optical

1305
00:52:08,710 --> 00:52:06,640
engineers on the planet and here you see

1306
00:52:11,670 --> 00:52:08,720
two vacuum chambers that are meant to

1307
00:52:13,829 --> 00:52:11,680
resemble the vacuum of space and inside

1308
00:52:16,230 --> 00:52:13,839
of these chambers are these fairly large

1309
00:52:18,950 --> 00:52:16,240
optical tables and on them you will see

1310
00:52:21,589 --> 00:52:18,960
a setup that resembles the chronograph

1311
00:52:24,870 --> 00:52:21,599
so we get to test the masks and the

1312
00:52:26,069 --> 00:52:24,880
electronics and these deformable mirrors

1313
00:52:27,510 --> 00:52:26,079
so i just wanted to show you some

1314
00:52:30,230 --> 00:52:27,520
pictures

1315
00:52:33,910 --> 00:52:30,240
of the masks here's the one that was in

1316
00:52:35,589 --> 00:52:33,920
the animation here is another uh concept

1317
00:52:38,390 --> 00:52:35,599
from our friends at princeton university

1318
00:52:41,270 --> 00:52:38,400
that appears to work equally as well and

1319
00:52:42,549 --> 00:52:41,280
here's a a more advanced design that

1320
00:52:44,470 --> 00:52:42,559
we're looking at from the university of

1321
00:52:46,549 --> 00:52:44,480
arizona that has some other special

1322
00:52:48,710 --> 00:52:46,559
features here's what the deformable

1323
00:52:50,950 --> 00:52:48,720
mirror looks like from a company called

1324
00:52:52,870 --> 00:52:50,960
zynetics in massachusetts and here's

1325
00:52:55,109 --> 00:52:52,880
some really early data this data is

1326
00:52:57,670 --> 00:52:55,119
probably a couple of months old it shows

1327
00:52:58,950 --> 00:52:57,680
you that this the the laser light which

1328
00:53:02,790 --> 00:52:58,960
simulates our

1329
00:53:04,630 --> 00:53:02,800
star is blocked out and around it we

1330
00:53:06,150 --> 00:53:04,640
have probed down to regions that are

1331
00:53:12,630 --> 00:53:06,160
less than

1332
00:53:14,790 --> 00:53:12,640
million times fainter than the laser

1333
00:53:17,030 --> 00:53:14,800
light so we're heading towards 10

1334
00:53:21,270 --> 00:53:17,040
billion and this is a pretty good

1335
00:53:26,390 --> 00:53:24,150
okay we are in the last section of our

1336
00:53:27,349 --> 00:53:26,400
journey let's talk about

1337
00:53:30,390 --> 00:53:27,359
what

1338
00:53:32,309 --> 00:53:30,400
concepts does nasa have

1339
00:53:36,710 --> 00:53:32,319
what are they thinking about what are

1340
00:53:41,270 --> 00:53:38,150
here's some of the telescopes that we've

1341
00:53:43,910 --> 00:53:41,280
already had enormous success with

1342
00:53:45,030 --> 00:53:43,920
you're all familiar with the hubble

1343
00:53:46,309 --> 00:53:45,040
you're probably familiar with the

1344
00:53:48,630 --> 00:53:46,319
spitzer telescope that has

1345
00:53:51,030 --> 00:53:48,640
revolutionized our understanding of the

1346
00:53:52,710 --> 00:53:51,040
infrared world what's interesting is

1347
00:53:54,950 --> 00:53:52,720
neither one of both of these two

1348
00:53:57,270 --> 00:53:54,960
telescopes were not designed

1349
00:53:59,270 --> 00:53:57,280
specifically to look for exoplanets

1350
00:54:01,349 --> 00:53:59,280
however we've learned just enormous

1351
00:54:03,910 --> 00:54:01,359
amount of information even though we

1352
00:54:06,470 --> 00:54:03,920
didn't design it that way

1353
00:54:08,549 --> 00:54:06,480
of course the kepler was designed to

1354
00:54:11,510 --> 00:54:08,559
look for planets and it has

1355
00:54:13,430 --> 00:54:11,520
clearly revolutionized our understanding

1356
00:54:14,630 --> 00:54:13,440
what's in the pipeline well just in a

1357
00:54:16,069 --> 00:54:14,640
couple years

1358
00:54:19,670 --> 00:54:16,079
the tess

1359
00:54:22,470 --> 00:54:19,680
mission the transiting exoplanet survey

1360
00:54:24,950 --> 00:54:22,480
satellite is going to pick up where

1361
00:54:27,829 --> 00:54:24,960
kepler left off

1362
00:54:29,430 --> 00:54:27,839
tess will use the transit technique but

1363
00:54:31,589 --> 00:54:29,440
instead of where kepler was looking

1364
00:54:33,109 --> 00:54:31,599
which was thousands of light-year

1365
00:54:35,670 --> 00:54:33,119
faraway stars

1366
00:54:37,670 --> 00:54:35,680
kepler will look at the closest stars

1367
00:54:40,069 --> 00:54:37,680
looking for the closest planets giving

1368
00:54:43,910 --> 00:54:40,079
us a better chance to

1369
00:54:47,510 --> 00:54:43,920
probe the atmospheres of planets

1370
00:54:50,829 --> 00:54:47,520
followed by in 2018 the long-awaited

1371
00:54:53,430 --> 00:54:50,839
james webb space telescope

1372
00:54:56,390 --> 00:54:53,440
unquestionably the largest and most

1373
00:54:58,150 --> 00:54:56,400
complicated telescope that nasa has ever

1374
00:54:59,829 --> 00:54:58,160
flown it's i wanted to show you a

1375
00:55:01,750 --> 00:54:59,839
prototype of it

1376
00:55:04,390 --> 00:55:01,760
in the yard

1377
00:55:07,430 --> 00:55:04,400
at nasa goddard space flight center in

1378
00:55:10,390 --> 00:55:07,440
greenbelt maryland it is unquestionably

1379
00:55:12,470 --> 00:55:10,400
uh a bemid it is almost three times the

1380
00:55:14,710 --> 00:55:12,480
size of our own hubble space telescope

1381
00:55:15,589 --> 00:55:14,720
the mirror is so large that it could not

1382
00:55:19,109 --> 00:55:15,599
fit

1383
00:55:22,230 --> 00:55:19,119
onto a rocket so they broke up the

1384
00:55:23,750 --> 00:55:22,240
the mirror into one meter class segments

1385
00:55:27,109 --> 00:55:23,760
and some of these segments will actually

1386
00:55:29,990 --> 00:55:27,119
fold so we can fit it onto a rocket

1387
00:55:32,710 --> 00:55:30,000
this telescope will certainly find new

1388
00:55:34,390 --> 00:55:32,720
planets like jupiter's and saturn's it

1389
00:55:36,950 --> 00:55:34,400
wasn't designed to find some of the

1390
00:55:39,589 --> 00:55:36,960
smallest planets but it does have an

1391
00:55:42,630 --> 00:55:39,599
interesting opportunity to discover life

1392
00:55:45,589 --> 00:55:42,640
or signs of life in a small

1393
00:55:47,829 --> 00:55:45,599
set of scenarios here i show you

1394
00:55:49,270 --> 00:55:47,839
a planet that has a relatively thick

1395
00:55:51,829 --> 00:55:49,280
atmosphere and if

1396
00:55:54,069 --> 00:55:51,839
if if james webb is lucky enough

1397
00:55:58,470 --> 00:55:54,079
to find a planet that is transiting

1398
00:56:00,390 --> 00:55:58,480
across the face of a nearby star

1399
00:56:02,309 --> 00:56:00,400
and this planet has a reasonably sized

1400
00:56:04,470 --> 00:56:02,319
atmosphere then the light that's

1401
00:56:06,390 --> 00:56:04,480
traveling from the star

1402
00:56:08,789 --> 00:56:06,400
passes through the atmosphere

1403
00:56:11,510 --> 00:56:08,799
absorbed by some of the gases and then

1404
00:56:13,589 --> 00:56:11,520
when the detector on the telescope

1405
00:56:16,630 --> 00:56:13,599
detects it it'll see some of the missing

1406
00:56:18,870 --> 00:56:16,640
light so it in a finite range of

1407
00:56:20,710 --> 00:56:18,880
scenarios can actually find the

1408
00:56:23,990 --> 00:56:20,720
signatures of life that work that we've

1409
00:56:28,069 --> 00:56:25,910
one of the telescopes that i am very

1410
00:56:30,630 --> 00:56:28,079
excited about happens in the middle of

1411
00:56:32,950 --> 00:56:30,640
the next decade it's not official just

1412
00:56:34,789 --> 00:56:32,960
yet it's currently a study but it's

1413
00:56:37,270 --> 00:56:34,799
building up a lot of momentum i would

1414
00:56:39,829 --> 00:56:37,280
argue that this telescope wfirst which

1415
00:56:42,870 --> 00:56:39,839
stands for wide field infrared survey

1416
00:56:45,109 --> 00:56:42,880
telescope is amongst the most compelling

1417
00:56:48,150 --> 00:56:45,119
science missions that nasa has ever

1418
00:56:49,910 --> 00:56:48,160
flown it carries two instruments

1419
00:56:51,670 --> 00:56:49,920
and one of them

1420
00:56:53,349 --> 00:56:51,680
attempts to answer some of the most

1421
00:56:55,589 --> 00:56:53,359
profound questions

1422
00:56:56,789 --> 00:56:55,599
in all of astrophysics what is dark

1423
00:56:58,710 --> 00:56:56,799
matter

1424
00:57:00,150 --> 00:56:58,720
what is dark energy

1425
00:57:01,750 --> 00:57:00,160
and on top of that

1426
00:57:03,270 --> 00:57:01,760
it uses another

1427
00:57:05,829 --> 00:57:03,280
technique that we mentioned briefly

1428
00:57:07,670 --> 00:57:05,839
called gravitational microlensing to

1429
00:57:09,990 --> 00:57:07,680
indirectly detect

1430
00:57:11,910 --> 00:57:10,000
planets that are further away from the

1431
00:57:13,430 --> 00:57:11,920
star compared to some of the other

1432
00:57:16,309 --> 00:57:13,440
techniques it will complete our

1433
00:57:17,829 --> 00:57:16,319
knowledge our census of exoplanets

1434
00:57:19,190 --> 00:57:17,839
around stars

1435
00:57:21,190 --> 00:57:19,200
and then the instrument that i'm

1436
00:57:22,710 --> 00:57:21,200
personally very excited about

1437
00:57:25,670 --> 00:57:22,720
is the first

1438
00:57:27,990 --> 00:57:25,680
high contrast coronagraph instrument

1439
00:57:30,549 --> 00:57:28,000
exactly as we showed earlier

1440
00:57:33,670 --> 00:57:30,559
we've never flown a coronagraph that is

1441
00:57:36,069 --> 00:57:33,680
capable of detecting small planets it's

1442
00:57:38,069 --> 00:57:36,079
kind of a technology demonstrator

1443
00:57:40,470 --> 00:57:38,079
and we're very excited to see if this

1444
00:57:42,309 --> 00:57:40,480
technology actually works

1445
00:57:43,829 --> 00:57:42,319
in space so that's why you saw those

1446
00:57:46,470 --> 00:57:43,839
vacuum chambers

1447
00:57:49,030 --> 00:57:46,480
churning away to advance this technology

1448
00:57:50,630 --> 00:57:49,040
as quickly as possible

1449
00:57:53,270 --> 00:57:50,640
i would be remiss if i just didn't say

1450
00:57:54,549 --> 00:57:53,280
one comment about new ground-based

1451
00:57:55,670 --> 00:57:54,559
telescopes

1452
00:57:58,390 --> 00:57:55,680
there

1453
00:58:00,470 --> 00:57:58,400
ground-based telescopes in the next

1454
00:58:02,789 --> 00:58:00,480
decade there are at least three that i

1455
00:58:04,789 --> 00:58:02,799
know of that are underway the 30 meter

1456
00:58:06,950 --> 00:58:04,799
telescope in hawaii the giant magellan

1457
00:58:08,789 --> 00:58:06,960
telescope in chile and the european

1458
00:58:13,109 --> 00:58:08,799
extremely large telescope in chile these

1459
00:58:14,549 --> 00:58:13,119
are the largest telescopes ever built

1460
00:58:17,589 --> 00:58:14,559
it's not clear

1461
00:58:19,190 --> 00:58:17,599
how capable these huge telescopes are in

1462
00:58:21,750 --> 00:58:19,200
detecting planets

1463
00:58:23,829 --> 00:58:21,760
the problem with the earth is we have

1464
00:58:25,750 --> 00:58:23,839
this atmosphere that distorts light

1465
00:58:28,069 --> 00:58:25,760
despite the fact that they come equipped

1466
00:58:30,710 --> 00:58:28,079
with the most sophisticated adaptive

1467
00:58:32,950 --> 00:58:30,720
optics we're not certain that they will

1468
00:58:34,950 --> 00:58:32,960
be able to correct the distortions

1469
00:58:37,829 --> 00:58:34,960
enough to detect

1470
00:58:41,750 --> 00:58:37,839
exoplanets i would never bet against a

1471
00:58:45,109 --> 00:58:43,349
all right after that

1472
00:58:48,470 --> 00:58:45,119
so here's the mission that

1473
00:58:49,910 --> 00:58:48,480
we believe could be the life finder

1474
00:58:51,589 --> 00:58:49,920
right it will incorporate everything

1475
00:58:53,430 --> 00:58:51,599
we've discussed tonight

1476
00:58:55,270 --> 00:58:53,440
and it will just point its stars and

1477
00:58:57,910 --> 00:58:55,280
hopefully block out the light and look

1478
00:58:59,990 --> 00:58:57,920
for all those biological signatures

1479
00:59:02,829 --> 00:59:00,000
we don't have a name for it yet so it's

1480
00:59:06,549 --> 00:59:02,839
got a placeholder called the new worlds

1481
00:59:07,510 --> 00:59:06,559
telescope nasa is launching a couple

1482
00:59:09,750 --> 00:59:07,520
teams

1483
00:59:12,470 --> 00:59:09,760
next year to study the science

1484
00:59:14,789 --> 00:59:12,480
capabilities the the architecture and

1485
00:59:16,950 --> 00:59:14,799
we're very excited to see what comes out

1486
00:59:18,549 --> 00:59:16,960
a couple scenarios that have been thrown

1487
00:59:20,390 --> 00:59:18,559
out one is something called the

1488
00:59:21,750 --> 00:59:20,400
habitable exoplanet imaging mission

1489
00:59:24,710 --> 00:59:21,760
imagine taking the hubble space

1490
00:59:27,030 --> 00:59:24,720
telescope and making it even bigger

1491
00:59:29,670 --> 00:59:27,040
and more powerful and imagine flying it

1492
00:59:31,589 --> 00:59:29,680
with either a coronagraph

1493
00:59:34,069 --> 00:59:31,599
or a star shade and this telescope would

1494
00:59:36,789 --> 00:59:34,079
be optimized to look for

1495
00:59:38,870 --> 00:59:36,799
exoplanets and for those of us in our

1496
00:59:41,430 --> 00:59:38,880
community who are feeling frisky and

1497
00:59:44,069 --> 00:59:41,440
perhaps even more ambitious there are

1498
00:59:46,789 --> 00:59:44,079
even more ambitious designs on the table

1499
00:59:48,950 --> 00:59:46,799
imagine a telescope even larger than the

1500
00:59:52,630 --> 00:59:48,960
james webb space telescope somewhere

1501
00:59:53,829 --> 00:59:52,640
between 8 to 12 meters this would be an

1502
00:59:56,150 --> 00:59:53,839
amazing

1503
00:59:57,670 --> 00:59:56,160
feat of engineering

1504
00:59:59,990 --> 00:59:57,680
so

1505
01:00:01,589 --> 01:00:00,000
you'll be all made aware of our progress

1506
01:00:03,670 --> 01:00:01,599
over the next few years to see which of

1507
01:00:07,030 --> 01:00:03,680
these telescopes if any

1508
01:00:08,710 --> 01:00:07,040
are selected by a decadal survey

1509
01:00:11,109 --> 01:00:08,720
committee at the national academies who

1510
01:00:12,390 --> 01:00:11,119
will make their decision sometime

1511
01:00:15,270 --> 01:00:12,400
around the

1512
01:00:17,270 --> 01:00:15,280
end of the decade

1513
01:00:18,710 --> 01:00:17,280
all right we're getting to

1514
01:00:20,549 --> 01:00:18,720
really far out i'm not sure where i'm

1515
01:00:22,789 --> 01:00:20,559
going to be in 2050 but i just thought i

1516
01:00:25,190 --> 01:00:22,799
would share this with you once we find

1517
01:00:26,870 --> 01:00:25,200
life on exoplanets we're going to be

1518
01:00:29,109 --> 01:00:26,880
dying to find out a little bit more

1519
01:00:32,150 --> 01:00:29,119
right what does the surface look like

1520
01:00:35,510 --> 01:00:32,160
are there oceans is there night life is

1521
01:00:38,789 --> 01:00:35,520
there any evidence of photosynthesis

1522
01:00:45,349 --> 01:00:41,589
so so so here's the concept that came

1523
01:00:47,190 --> 01:00:45,359
out in the 1990s by a french astronomer

1524
01:00:51,190 --> 01:00:47,200
antoine laberdy

1525
01:00:53,349 --> 01:00:51,200
and this was way out there in the 1990s

1526
01:00:55,109 --> 01:00:53,359
it is still way out there

1527
01:00:57,030 --> 01:00:55,119
today

1528
01:00:57,990 --> 01:00:57,040
so his concept

1529
01:01:01,270 --> 01:00:58,000
involved

1530
01:01:03,829 --> 01:01:01,280
flying an armada a flotilla of

1531
01:01:07,670 --> 01:01:03,839
telescopes anywhere between one and six

1532
01:01:10,789 --> 01:01:07,680
meters flying out in space imitating

1533
01:01:13,109 --> 01:01:10,799
a humongous telescope maybe hundreds of

1534
01:01:15,270 --> 01:01:13,119
kilometers in size

1535
01:01:18,230 --> 01:01:15,280
and these telescopes would capture the

1536
01:01:20,470 --> 01:01:18,240
light from that planet and they would

1537
01:01:21,589 --> 01:01:20,480
reflect that light into what i call the

1538
01:01:24,230 --> 01:01:21,599
mother ship

1539
01:01:26,470 --> 01:01:24,240
or perhaps the beam combiner and it

1540
01:01:29,510 --> 01:01:26,480
would piece together all of that light

1541
01:01:30,950 --> 01:01:29,520
and be able to maybe make out

1542
01:01:33,750 --> 01:01:30,960
oceans

1543
01:01:35,589 --> 01:01:33,760
continents maybe a little maybe a little

1544
01:01:37,430 --> 01:01:35,599
bit of vegetation

1545
01:01:39,910 --> 01:01:37,440
apart from this i could imagine us

1546
01:01:42,069 --> 01:01:39,920
pointing all our radio telescopes

1547
01:01:44,069 --> 01:01:42,079
listening for activities but this would

1548
01:01:47,109 --> 01:01:44,079
be probably something along the lines of

1549
01:01:53,829 --> 01:01:47,119
what we would need to look for features

1550
01:01:58,309 --> 01:01:55,430
folks we have come

1551
01:02:01,030 --> 01:01:58,319
to the end we have come back to where we

1552
01:02:03,430 --> 01:02:01,040
started the the only planet

1553
01:02:06,150 --> 01:02:03,440
in the galaxy that we know of that has

1554
01:02:08,309 --> 01:02:06,160
life i'll leave you with one remaining

1555
01:02:09,109 --> 01:02:08,319
image

1556
01:02:10,549 --> 01:02:09,119
in

1557
01:02:12,309 --> 01:02:10,559
1990

1558
01:02:14,630 --> 01:02:12,319
nasa commanded

1559
01:02:16,150 --> 01:02:14,640
the voyager 1

1560
01:02:17,990 --> 01:02:16,160
spacecraft

1561
01:02:20,069 --> 01:02:18,000
that one right there

1562
01:02:22,630 --> 01:02:20,079
to turn around from its trajectory

1563
01:02:23,990 --> 01:02:22,640
leaving the solar system and take one

1564
01:02:25,670 --> 01:02:24,000
last picture

1565
01:02:28,309 --> 01:02:25,680
of the earth

1566
01:02:33,670 --> 01:02:30,390
it's right there

1567
01:02:34,789 --> 01:02:33,680
so folks everyone you've ever known

1568
01:02:36,549 --> 01:02:34,799
loved

1569
01:02:38,309 --> 01:02:36,559
admired

1570
01:02:39,829 --> 01:02:38,319
envied

1571
01:02:41,109 --> 01:02:39,839
has lived on

1572
01:02:43,430 --> 01:02:41,119
that planet

1573
01:02:44,630 --> 01:02:43,440
let's take a

1574
01:02:45,829 --> 01:02:44,640
greater

1575
01:02:48,150 --> 01:02:45,839
shot at it

1576
01:02:50,870 --> 01:02:48,160
this is what carl sagan referred to as

1577
01:02:51,670 --> 01:02:50,880
the pale blue dot

1578
01:02:53,750 --> 01:02:51,680
so

1579
01:02:55,430 --> 01:02:53,760
imagine if we can acquire a picture like

1580
01:02:57,829 --> 01:02:55,440
that knowing from everything we've

1581
01:02:59,430 --> 01:02:57,839
discussed tonight that there are signs

1582
01:03:01,670 --> 01:02:59,440
of life on it

1583
01:03:04,470 --> 01:03:01,680
would that be transformational

1584
01:03:06,950 --> 01:03:04,480
what would that mean for us well at

1585
01:03:09,829 --> 01:03:06,960
minimum i think it would inspire

1586
01:03:12,230 --> 01:03:09,839
generations of young people to go on to

1587
01:03:14,549 --> 01:03:12,240
science and engineering

1588
01:03:16,789 --> 01:03:14,559
it would perhaps revolutionize our

1589
01:03:19,109 --> 01:03:16,799
understanding of biology and how life

1590
01:03:22,549 --> 01:03:19,119
formed on our own planet maybe stir up

1591
01:03:25,349 --> 01:03:22,559
some more interest in science and

1592
01:03:27,750 --> 01:03:25,359
astronomy maybe some investments

1593
01:03:29,990 --> 01:03:27,760
in our technology i'll point out that we

1594
01:03:32,630 --> 01:03:30,000
are not limited by brain power at nasa

1595
01:03:35,430 --> 01:03:32,640
we are limited by money

1596
01:03:36,950 --> 01:03:35,440
and perhaps it would establish the next

1597
01:03:38,069 --> 01:03:36,960
frontier

1598
01:03:41,270 --> 01:03:38,079
of

1599
01:03:44,950 --> 01:03:41,280
our ability to know where life is

1600
01:03:48,230 --> 01:03:44,960
and herald in a new era of interstellar

1601
01:04:09,910 --> 01:03:48,240
communication and maybe even one day

1602
01:04:12,950 --> 01:04:11,190
so i think

1603
01:04:15,430 --> 01:04:12,960
i think we have some time for some

1604
01:04:17,670 --> 01:04:15,440
questions if you have any we've set up a

1605
01:04:19,990 --> 01:04:17,680
microphone so please um

1606
01:04:22,390 --> 01:04:20,000
go up there we have a live stream that's

1607
01:04:24,069 --> 01:04:22,400
being sent out throughout the planet so

1608
01:04:25,829 --> 01:04:24,079
those folks want to hear you

1609
01:04:27,270 --> 01:04:25,839
as well i'll be sticking around

1610
01:04:37,990 --> 01:04:27,280
afterwards so if you have any specific

1611
01:04:43,430 --> 01:04:41,190
i have a question about the star shade

1612
01:04:45,510 --> 01:04:43,440
if it's going if it's

1613
01:04:47,190 --> 01:04:45,520
several earth diameters separated from

1614
01:04:50,870 --> 01:04:47,200
the telescope

1615
01:04:53,670 --> 01:04:50,880
it's going to be really in its own orbit

1616
01:04:55,829 --> 01:04:53,680
and you can't really have it in a close

1617
01:04:57,910 --> 01:04:55,839
orbit around the earth because

1618
01:05:01,029 --> 01:04:57,920
that's only one diameter

1619
01:05:02,710 --> 01:05:01,039
so i i did a little looking on online

1620
01:05:06,069 --> 01:05:02,720
and i found

1621
01:05:08,789 --> 01:05:06,079
a brief mention of a halo orbit around

1622
01:05:11,190 --> 01:05:08,799
maybe the l2 point

1623
01:05:13,029 --> 01:05:11,200
and so my question is

1624
01:05:15,910 --> 01:05:13,039
is there a limit on how long the

1625
01:05:18,230 --> 01:05:15,920
exposures can be if you're in some orbit

1626
01:05:19,029 --> 01:05:18,240
like that is when the

1627
01:05:23,990 --> 01:05:19,039
if

1628
01:05:25,990 --> 01:05:24,000
keep moving relative to each other

1629
01:05:30,950 --> 01:05:26,000
because they're in these separated

1630
01:05:34,710 --> 01:05:32,710
you're absolutely right that if you're

1631
01:05:36,950 --> 01:05:34,720
going to have such huge separations you

1632
01:05:39,270 --> 01:05:36,960
can't fly the starshade

1633
01:05:41,430 --> 01:05:39,280
around the earth the earth is too bright

1634
01:05:44,069 --> 01:05:41,440
and we couldn't and it would it

1635
01:05:45,589 --> 01:05:44,079
it incurs a certain gravitational pull

1636
01:05:48,309 --> 01:05:45,599
on the star shade so he's absolutely

1637
01:05:51,589 --> 01:05:48,319
right we need to find someplace else

1638
01:05:52,630 --> 01:05:51,599
really far away from the earth and there

1639
01:05:55,270 --> 01:05:52,640
are

1640
01:05:57,670 --> 01:05:55,280
points of stability in space that orbit

1641
01:05:59,190 --> 01:05:57,680
the sun that are very very stable and

1642
01:06:01,829 --> 01:05:59,200
one of them is called

1643
01:06:03,510 --> 01:06:01,839
the lagrangian two point and that's

1644
01:06:05,270 --> 01:06:03,520
exactly what we're thinking that would

1645
01:06:07,829 --> 01:06:05,280
be an ideal place it's not the only

1646
01:06:10,390 --> 01:06:07,839
place but it is certainly an ideal

1647
01:06:12,870 --> 01:06:10,400
place and then once that alignment is

1648
01:06:15,510 --> 01:06:12,880
made then the telescope will

1649
01:06:18,150 --> 01:06:15,520
keep its shutters open for as long as

1650
01:06:20,150 --> 01:06:18,160
possible we are eventually limited by

1651
01:06:22,230 --> 01:06:20,160
some some background noises

1652
01:06:25,430 --> 01:06:22,240
if there is if there's dust around the

1653
01:06:28,069 --> 01:06:25,440
star will be eventually limited by that

1654
01:06:31,190 --> 01:06:28,079
another thing i found was that

1655
01:06:34,309 --> 01:06:31,200
the shade has to be kind of

1656
01:06:36,950 --> 01:06:34,319
edge on to the sun otherwise there's too

1657
01:06:39,190 --> 01:06:36,960
much light that gets scattered

1658
01:06:41,029 --> 01:06:39,200
clearly that would constrain what what

1659
01:06:43,109 --> 01:06:41,039
what targets you can look at so what we

1660
01:06:45,430 --> 01:06:43,119
didn't talk about is in the starship the

1661
01:06:48,710 --> 01:06:45,440
star shade always has to know where the

1662
01:06:50,630 --> 01:06:48,720
heck is the star right the sun right we

1663
01:06:52,710 --> 01:06:50,640
have to know where the sun is because if

1664
01:06:54,789 --> 01:06:52,720
it's if it's positioned in such a way

1665
01:06:55,829 --> 01:06:54,799
that it could blind the the telescope

1666
01:06:57,910 --> 01:06:55,839
that wouldn't be good so you're

1667
01:06:59,589 --> 01:06:57,920
absolutely right there are a series

1668
01:07:01,349 --> 01:06:59,599
there's a range of angles where the star

1669
01:07:04,230 --> 01:07:01,359
shade will function and we always have

1670
01:07:06,470 --> 01:07:04,240
to be aware of it we're very concerned

1671
01:07:09,029 --> 01:07:06,480
about the amount of glint that reflects

1672
01:07:11,109 --> 01:07:09,039
off off the starshade that could blind

1673
01:07:13,190 --> 01:07:11,119
our telescope said that's part of our

1674
01:07:15,910 --> 01:07:13,200
technology effort excellent set of

1675
01:07:22,069 --> 01:07:17,430
hi hi

1676
01:07:25,109 --> 01:07:22,079
uh regarding uh glossier 581g

1677
01:07:27,029 --> 01:07:25,119
i want to know if the system was

1678
01:07:29,109 --> 01:07:27,039
discovered by

1679
01:07:33,109 --> 01:07:29,119
the doppler's uh

1680
01:07:35,349 --> 01:07:33,119
spectroscope or by radial velocity

1681
01:07:37,270 --> 01:07:35,359
so what is it that you know about this

1682
01:07:39,270 --> 01:07:37,280
star that makes it so interesting to you

1683
01:07:41,910 --> 01:07:39,280
or this planet what i know about the

1684
01:07:45,510 --> 01:07:41,920
star that makes it so interesting is

1685
01:07:46,630 --> 01:07:45,520
that uh it has the conditions uh for uh

1686
01:07:48,870 --> 01:07:46,640
being a

1687
01:07:51,589 --> 01:07:48,880
habitable habitable

1688
01:07:54,069 --> 01:07:51,599
uh star it's not too cold and not too

1689
01:07:56,549 --> 01:07:54,079
hot there are other stars

1690
01:08:00,390 --> 01:07:56,559
i mean there are other planets that are

1691
01:08:04,230 --> 01:08:00,400
orbiting the star like c and d which uh

1692
01:08:06,950 --> 01:08:04,240
uh reflect the greenhouse reflect uh and

1693
01:08:08,710 --> 01:08:06,960
so it's too hot and or

1694
01:08:11,589 --> 01:08:08,720
it's uh murky

1695
01:08:14,789 --> 01:08:11,599
and it's uh too distant from the red

1696
01:08:16,550 --> 01:08:14,799
star that it's orbiting so so just if i

1697
01:08:18,630 --> 01:08:16,560
can cheat just a little bit just by the

1698
01:08:20,070 --> 01:08:18,640
name of the star it tells me that it was

1699
01:08:21,990 --> 01:08:20,080
not discovered necessarily by the

1700
01:08:24,709 --> 01:08:22,000
transit technique but most likely

1701
01:08:26,709 --> 01:08:24,719
through the radial velocity technique i

1702
01:08:29,510 --> 01:08:26,719
would think it would be radial velocity

1703
01:08:31,990 --> 01:08:29,520
but i wanted to verify that yeah in fact

1704
01:08:33,030 --> 01:08:32,000
if you just go on google to wikipedia it

1705
01:08:34,149 --> 01:08:33,040
actually gives you pretty good

1706
01:08:34,950 --> 01:08:34,159
information

1707
01:08:41,110 --> 01:08:34,960
yeah

1708
01:08:44,390 --> 01:08:42,070
all right

1709
01:08:46,470 --> 01:08:44,400
oh i i believe we have some questions

1710
01:08:48,229 --> 01:08:46,480
from the cybersphere

1711
01:08:51,510 --> 01:08:48,239
there might be aliens who have emailed

1712
01:08:55,910 --> 01:08:52,870
oh thank you

1713
01:08:58,950 --> 01:08:55,920
so tony who's tony

1714
01:09:01,910 --> 01:08:58,960
tony asks how does star size affect

1715
01:09:03,990 --> 01:09:01,920
planetary systems in terms of the number

1716
01:09:05,590 --> 01:09:04,000
of possible planets

1717
01:09:08,229 --> 01:09:05,600
wow that's a great question how does

1718
01:09:11,349 --> 01:09:08,239
star size affect planetary systems in

1719
01:09:12,950 --> 01:09:11,359
terms of the number of possible planets

1720
01:09:15,349 --> 01:09:12,960
well

1721
01:09:18,470 --> 01:09:15,359
i i think the actual answer is we're not

1722
01:09:20,390 --> 01:09:18,480
yet sure of of how it does

1723
01:09:21,829 --> 01:09:20,400
there is some evidence

1724
01:09:25,349 --> 01:09:21,839
to suggest that

1725
01:09:28,229 --> 01:09:25,359
small stars tend to have actually more

1726
01:09:30,789 --> 01:09:28,239
planets but that might just be a bias of

1727
01:09:32,470 --> 01:09:30,799
of our data that perhaps

1728
01:09:34,550 --> 01:09:32,480
those planets tend to be a little bit

1729
01:09:37,110 --> 01:09:34,560
closer to their star so we've seen them

1730
01:09:38,870 --> 01:09:37,120
we haven't been as sensitive to the

1731
01:09:39,669 --> 01:09:38,880
planets further

1732
01:09:42,070 --> 01:09:39,679
away

1733
01:09:43,749 --> 01:09:42,080
would you have anything to add to that

1734
01:09:45,430 --> 01:09:43,759
most stars have about the same number of

1735
01:09:48,309 --> 01:09:45,440
planets so

1736
01:09:49,990 --> 01:09:48,319
um what we think is most planets most

1737
01:09:52,950 --> 01:09:50,000
stars have roughly the same number of

1738
01:09:56,229 --> 01:09:52,960
planets we haven't seen any evidence yet

1739
01:09:58,470 --> 01:09:56,239
that the star size the star mass

1740
01:10:00,070 --> 01:09:58,480
impacts the number of planets but we

1741
01:10:03,030 --> 01:10:00,080
will get more data

1742
01:10:05,910 --> 01:10:03,040
shortly i'll take your question

1743
01:10:08,070 --> 01:10:05,920
thank you um i wanted to ask about the

1744
01:10:09,110 --> 01:10:08,080
approach three when you were discussing

1745
01:10:14,550 --> 01:10:09,120
the

1746
01:10:17,270 --> 01:10:14,560
you said that we were looking for

1747
01:10:20,550 --> 01:10:17,280
the biological elements that we know

1748
01:10:22,709 --> 01:10:20,560
would produce life like water oxygen and

1749
01:10:26,470 --> 01:10:22,719
methane right how do you take into

1750
01:10:28,870 --> 01:10:26,480
account that on another planet maybe

1751
01:10:30,950 --> 01:10:28,880
the intelligent life or even any kind of

1752
01:10:32,709 --> 01:10:30,960
life doesn't survive on those types of

1753
01:10:33,990 --> 01:10:32,719
elements maybe they use something else

1754
01:10:37,350 --> 01:10:34,000
how do you take that into account

1755
01:10:39,189 --> 01:10:37,360
absolutely absolutely absolutely in fact

1756
01:10:41,430 --> 01:10:39,199
statistically speaking it's very

1757
01:10:43,270 --> 01:10:41,440
unlikely that alien life would have

1758
01:10:45,430 --> 01:10:43,280
followed the same evolutionary track

1759
01:10:46,390 --> 01:10:45,440
that ours is i think that's a fact well

1760
01:10:49,110 --> 01:10:46,400
it's not it's we don't know if it's a

1761
01:10:50,709 --> 01:10:49,120
fact but it's certainly a hypothesis so

1762
01:10:52,790 --> 01:10:50,719
to answer your question

1763
01:10:55,110 --> 01:10:52,800
it's important for us and we will be

1764
01:10:57,110 --> 01:10:55,120
arguing this amongst ourselves now for

1765
01:10:58,550 --> 01:10:57,120
the next several years how important it

1766
01:11:00,870 --> 01:10:58,560
is to

1767
01:11:02,630 --> 01:11:00,880
build our instruments

1768
01:11:03,669 --> 01:11:02,640
so such that they are sufficiently

1769
01:11:04,790 --> 01:11:03,679
sensitive

1770
01:11:08,229 --> 01:11:04,800
enough

1771
01:11:10,630 --> 01:11:08,239
to detect a wide range of gases right

1772
01:11:12,870 --> 01:11:10,640
and it'll just be fascinating to see

1773
01:11:14,709 --> 01:11:12,880
that if we can piece together a whole

1774
01:11:16,709 --> 01:11:14,719
new set of gases what could that

1775
01:11:19,350 --> 01:11:16,719
possibly mean and that search will it

1776
01:11:20,390 --> 01:11:19,360
will will obviously detect gases but

1777
01:11:23,110 --> 01:11:20,400
then we have to run that through our

1778
01:11:25,270 --> 01:11:23,120
computer models and see well we know

1779
01:11:27,669 --> 01:11:25,280
these gases can exist on earth or maybe

1780
01:11:31,510 --> 01:11:27,679
not and how do they play with the others

1781
01:11:34,070 --> 01:11:31,520
and it'll be a fascinating

1782
01:11:37,430 --> 01:11:34,080
cottage industry if you will so i hope

1783
01:11:40,470 --> 01:11:37,440
i've answered your question thank you

1784
01:11:42,229 --> 01:11:40,480
all right explorer iss asks

1785
01:11:43,750 --> 01:11:42,239
do different stars have different

1786
01:11:45,750 --> 01:11:43,760
habitable zones

1787
01:11:47,590 --> 01:11:45,760
okay that's a great fundamental question

1788
01:11:50,310 --> 01:11:47,600
so the habitable zone is not you know

1789
01:11:54,550 --> 01:11:50,320
that special it's an imaginary region of

1790
01:11:56,709 --> 01:11:54,560
space but it's all about how bright is

1791
01:11:57,830 --> 01:11:56,719
the star the best analogy that i can

1792
01:12:01,510 --> 01:11:57,840
give

1793
01:12:02,790 --> 01:12:01,520
explorer iss is imagine you've built a

1794
01:12:04,630 --> 01:12:02,800
campfire

1795
01:12:06,310 --> 01:12:04,640
right so if you want to stay warm at

1796
01:12:08,630 --> 01:12:06,320
your campfire if it's a really big

1797
01:12:10,550 --> 01:12:08,640
campfire you probably don't want to stay

1798
01:12:12,709 --> 01:12:10,560
too close right so

1799
01:12:15,830 --> 01:12:12,719
the analogy is that a big campfire like

1800
01:12:19,270 --> 01:12:15,840
a big star its habitable zone is much

1801
01:12:21,750 --> 01:12:19,280
further away a smaller lighter star like

1802
01:12:23,350 --> 01:12:21,760
a small campfire allows you to come a

1803
01:12:24,950 --> 01:12:23,360
little bit closer it's more of a

1804
01:12:27,430 --> 01:12:24,960
temperate region as you're as you're

1805
01:12:29,990 --> 01:12:27,440
closer and that's your new habitable

1806
01:12:32,310 --> 01:12:30,000
zone so clearly the star

1807
01:12:35,030 --> 01:12:32,320
brightness the star size defines where

1808
01:12:36,310 --> 01:12:35,040
the habitable zone is

1809
01:12:38,310 --> 01:12:36,320
i'll take your question uh quick

1810
01:12:40,390 --> 01:12:38,320
question um basically as technology

1811
01:12:42,149 --> 01:12:40,400
changes uh looking long-term like the

1812
01:12:43,510 --> 01:12:42,159
next hundred two hundred years with uh

1813
01:12:45,590 --> 01:12:43,520
things like nano technology where we can

1814
01:12:47,430 --> 01:12:45,600
build better lenses and things if we can

1815
01:12:49,189 --> 01:12:47,440
take out all the diffusion of light

1816
01:12:50,390 --> 01:12:49,199
basically all the scatter

1817
01:12:52,550 --> 01:12:50,400
if we were able to do that with

1818
01:12:54,550 --> 01:12:52,560
technology would we be able to directly

1819
01:12:56,310 --> 01:12:54,560
look at almost like a google map if you

1820
01:12:58,310 --> 01:12:56,320
will uh image satellite image of the

1821
01:13:00,229 --> 01:12:58,320
planet or would there be too much debris

1822
01:13:02,390 --> 01:13:00,239
in space and dust and you know various

1823
01:13:04,310 --> 01:13:02,400
dust clouds and things cluttering that i

1824
01:13:07,030 --> 01:13:04,320
was just curious okay so is is your

1825
01:13:08,790 --> 01:13:07,040
question about our ability to

1826
01:13:10,390 --> 01:13:08,800
to probe the surface of

1827
01:13:12,149 --> 01:13:10,400
basically how much light is really

1828
01:13:13,590 --> 01:13:12,159
coming off in this planet is there

1829
01:13:14,709 --> 01:13:13,600
enough that we could actually just image

1830
01:13:16,310 --> 01:13:14,719
it if we could take out all the

1831
01:13:17,510 --> 01:13:16,320
diffusion of light okay that's a great

1832
01:13:18,709 --> 01:13:17,520
question so

1833
01:13:20,470 --> 01:13:18,719
um

1834
01:13:22,229 --> 01:13:20,480
so for the typical telescopes that we

1835
01:13:24,550 --> 01:13:22,239
discussed tonight except for that crazy

1836
01:13:26,630 --> 01:13:24,560
last um

1837
01:13:28,870 --> 01:13:26,640
animation we showed typically our

1838
01:13:31,189 --> 01:13:28,880
telescopes will

1839
01:13:34,470 --> 01:13:31,199
stare at a star for a very very long

1840
01:13:35,669 --> 01:13:34,480
time so during that time the planet is

1841
01:13:38,870 --> 01:13:35,679
is

1842
01:13:41,750 --> 01:13:38,880
revolving around its own uh um center of

1843
01:13:43,510 --> 01:13:41,760
axis and it's also moving so what we get

1844
01:13:46,390 --> 01:13:43,520
is kind of

1845
01:13:49,110 --> 01:13:46,400
a mess right of light all combined

1846
01:13:51,110 --> 01:13:49,120
together so it it it prevents us from

1847
01:13:53,830 --> 01:13:51,120
being able to pick out

1848
01:13:56,070 --> 01:13:53,840
simple and direct details okay right

1849
01:13:57,830 --> 01:13:56,080
that's why we need to go to that really

1850
01:14:00,790 --> 01:13:57,840
amazing last simulation where we can

1851
01:14:03,510 --> 01:14:00,800
build a telescope big enough

1852
01:14:06,709 --> 01:14:03,520
light quick enough exactly to acquire

1853
01:14:07,830 --> 01:14:06,719
the light quick enough so we can

1854
01:14:09,750 --> 01:14:07,840
collect it

1855
01:14:13,110 --> 01:14:09,760
while it hasn't rotated

1856
01:14:14,630 --> 01:14:13,120
very much so we can pick up um

1857
01:14:17,990 --> 01:14:14,640
photo um

1858
01:14:20,390 --> 01:14:18,000
evidence of of of chlorophyll vegetation

1859
01:14:22,390 --> 01:14:20,400
right oceans so it has to happen very

1860
01:14:25,030 --> 01:14:22,400
quickly for it to happen very quickly

1861
01:14:27,430 --> 01:14:25,040
you need a big big telescope that's why

1862
01:14:28,950 --> 01:14:27,440
we're really hoping and astronomers

1863
01:14:30,870 --> 01:14:28,960
should never hope but we're really

1864
01:14:33,830 --> 01:14:30,880
hoping because we're so interested in

1865
01:14:35,669 --> 01:14:33,840
life that we can find a nearby star with

1866
01:14:37,990 --> 01:14:35,679
a nearby planet so the telescope

1867
01:14:40,870 --> 01:14:38,000
wouldn't have to be that large gotcha

1868
01:14:42,550 --> 01:14:40,880
okay well thank you

1869
01:14:51,430 --> 01:14:42,560
hi

1870
01:14:55,669 --> 01:14:54,390
when you look through the prism um after

1871
01:14:58,390 --> 01:14:55,679
you take the light from the star if

1872
01:15:00,709 --> 01:14:58,400
whatever i understood um how do you rep

1873
01:15:02,470 --> 01:15:00,719
how do you understand which gases

1874
01:15:04,149 --> 01:15:02,480
represent which

1875
01:15:07,030 --> 01:15:04,159
gases represent the

1876
01:15:08,390 --> 01:15:07,040
gaps in the rainbow sheen right right

1877
01:15:10,709 --> 01:15:08,400
okay great

1878
01:15:13,030 --> 01:15:10,719
so again the question is we have all of

1879
01:15:15,030 --> 01:15:13,040
these gaps of light

1880
01:15:17,750 --> 01:15:15,040
uh in the rainbow so how do we know

1881
01:15:19,430 --> 01:15:17,760
which one is which so um one day when

1882
01:15:21,030 --> 01:15:19,440
you're a little bit older and smarter

1883
01:15:22,470 --> 01:15:21,040
than your father

1884
01:15:25,270 --> 01:15:22,480
you're going to learn about quantum

1885
01:15:27,430 --> 01:15:25,280
mechanics so quantum mechanics is is is

1886
01:15:30,310 --> 01:15:27,440
the physics of the very small and the

1887
01:15:33,189 --> 01:15:30,320
physics of the very small predicts

1888
01:15:37,189 --> 01:15:33,199
predicts very precisely at what

1889
01:15:38,470 --> 01:15:37,199
particular colors light will absorb

1890
01:15:41,669 --> 01:15:38,480
like be absorbed

1891
01:15:43,510 --> 01:15:41,679
right so when we see these black gaps in

1892
01:15:45,270 --> 01:15:43,520
our rainbow

1893
01:15:47,669 --> 01:15:45,280
it we just have to look at a handbook

1894
01:15:50,070 --> 01:15:47,679
that tells us well at this wavelength

1895
01:15:53,189 --> 01:15:50,080
these are the type of gases that

1896
01:15:55,910 --> 01:15:53,199
possibly were absorbed and because these

1897
01:15:58,149 --> 01:15:55,920
these these black bars these black gaps

1898
01:15:59,910 --> 01:15:58,159
are so narrow in wavelength it makes it

1899
01:16:01,030 --> 01:15:59,920
very easy to do that

1900
01:16:02,630 --> 01:16:01,040
i don't know if that makes sense to you

1901
01:16:08,870 --> 01:16:02,640
that makes sense great

1902
01:16:08,880 --> 01:16:12,390
oh boy

1903
01:16:12,400 --> 01:16:15,030
go ahead

1904
01:16:19,990 --> 01:16:18,229
if the star shield mission is launched

1905
01:16:21,510 --> 01:16:20,000
that's an awful lot of maneuvering

1906
01:16:24,310 --> 01:16:21,520
that's going to have to take place to

1907
01:16:26,470 --> 01:16:24,320
redirect to look at different um targets

1908
01:16:28,229 --> 01:16:26,480
what kind of propulsion system is going

1909
01:16:29,990 --> 01:16:28,239
to be used on that and what type of

1910
01:16:32,790 --> 01:16:30,000
operational life can that mission expect

1911
01:16:34,229 --> 01:16:32,800
to have that's a great question in fact

1912
01:16:35,990 --> 01:16:34,239
i'm going gonna pass the question i'm

1913
01:16:37,830 --> 01:16:36,000
gonna i'm gonna ask

1914
01:16:40,070 --> 01:16:37,840
the gentleman standing behind you who is

1915
01:16:42,310 --> 01:16:40,080
a world expert in this field

1916
01:16:44,790 --> 01:16:42,320
to come to the microphone and answer

1917
01:16:53,990 --> 01:16:44,800
that question

1918
01:16:56,870 --> 01:16:55,350
so there's um

1919
01:16:59,350 --> 01:16:56,880
uh

1920
01:17:01,430 --> 01:16:59,360
different technologies we can use

1921
01:17:04,070 --> 01:17:01,440
and uh conventional propulsion is

1922
01:17:05,430 --> 01:17:04,080
chemical like i used on these spacecraft

1923
01:17:07,189 --> 01:17:05,440
and

1924
01:17:09,669 --> 01:17:07,199
that is limited capability because of

1925
01:17:11,510 --> 01:17:09,679
the energy capacity of the of the fuel

1926
01:17:13,350 --> 01:17:11,520
that you can fit into a spacecraft so

1927
01:17:14,310 --> 01:17:13,360
what we really want to do for

1928
01:17:16,390 --> 01:17:14,320
the

1929
01:17:18,630 --> 01:17:16,400
better missions that last longer is to

1930
01:17:19,590 --> 01:17:18,640
use solar electric propulsion

1931
01:17:21,030 --> 01:17:19,600
so

1932
01:17:24,390 --> 01:17:21,040
that's

1933
01:17:26,870 --> 01:17:24,400
using a lot of power to generate ions

1934
01:17:28,630 --> 01:17:26,880
and accelerate it out an engine at very

1935
01:17:30,470 --> 01:17:28,640
low thrust and so

1936
01:17:32,390 --> 01:17:30,480
that's a relatively new technology but

1937
01:17:33,910 --> 01:17:32,400
like the don mission recently that was

1938
01:17:36,310 --> 01:17:33,920
an early technology demonstration of

1939
01:17:38,550 --> 01:17:36,320
that technique so it's very low thrust

1940
01:17:40,709 --> 01:17:38,560
thrust but it's very efficient so for a

1941
01:17:43,189 --> 01:17:40,719
given amount of propellant you can

1942
01:17:45,590 --> 01:17:43,199
get a lot of uh motion out of it thank

1943
01:17:48,790 --> 01:17:45,600
you doug so so we have fuel

1944
01:17:49,990 --> 01:17:48,800
to um to rotate the star shade we have

1945
01:17:52,229 --> 01:17:50,000
fuel

1946
01:17:53,910 --> 01:17:52,239
and and propulsion to keep it aligned

1947
01:17:56,950 --> 01:17:53,920
but when it comes to traversing across

1948
01:17:58,550 --> 01:17:56,960
the cosmos to the next star then doug is

1949
01:18:00,790 --> 01:17:58,560
right that's we're considering the fact

1950
01:18:02,470 --> 01:18:00,800
that we can't carry that much fuel so

1951
01:18:03,350 --> 01:18:02,480
solar electric propulsion might be an

1952
01:18:06,630 --> 01:18:03,360
ideal

1953
01:18:09,750 --> 01:18:08,310
all right what else do i have oh okay

1954
01:18:11,430 --> 01:18:09,760
all right

1955
01:18:13,669 --> 01:18:11,440
i'll play along

1956
01:18:15,510 --> 01:18:13,679
what inspired you to get into this field

1957
01:18:17,830 --> 01:18:15,520
of study

1958
01:18:20,390 --> 01:18:17,840
all right so

1959
01:18:22,149 --> 01:18:20,400
carl sagan

1960
01:18:25,430 --> 01:18:22,159
cosmos

1961
01:18:31,189 --> 01:18:29,030
um and the apollo missions right and

1962
01:18:34,470 --> 01:18:31,199
and um

1963
01:18:37,750 --> 01:18:34,480
i can't help to think how inspirational

1964
01:18:39,030 --> 01:18:37,760
nasa can and should continue to be i

1965
01:18:40,709 --> 01:18:39,040
think

1966
01:18:43,110 --> 01:18:40,719
speaking from my generation and perhaps

1967
01:18:45,350 --> 01:18:43,120
the generations before me

1968
01:18:48,149 --> 01:18:45,360
we were all inspired by what nasa has

1969
01:18:49,510 --> 01:18:48,159
achieved and that's why having i think a

1970
01:18:50,229 --> 01:18:49,520
a well-funded

1971
01:18:52,310 --> 01:18:50,239
and

1972
01:18:53,430 --> 01:18:52,320
an enriched nasa will continue to

1973
01:18:55,350 --> 01:18:53,440
inspire

1974
01:18:57,750 --> 01:18:55,360
future generations of scientists and

1975
01:18:59,669 --> 01:18:57,760
engineers like myself to continue to

1976
01:19:02,950 --> 01:18:59,679
reach for the stars and this is the best

1977
01:19:04,870 --> 01:19:02,960
job a person could ever

1978
01:19:07,189 --> 01:19:04,880
desire but you don't have to be a

1979
01:19:09,510 --> 01:19:07,199
scientist we need lots of engineers

1980
01:19:12,550 --> 01:19:09,520
electrical mechanical so there's so much

1981
01:19:15,110 --> 01:19:12,560
opportunity and

1982
01:19:16,950 --> 01:19:15,120
i i often joke with my boss that that we

1983
01:19:19,270 --> 01:19:16,960
work here at nasa for our second

1984
01:19:21,669 --> 01:19:19,280
paycheck our first paycheck comes with

1985
01:19:23,430 --> 01:19:21,679
dollars but the second paycheck is that

1986
01:19:25,669 --> 01:19:23,440
intrinsic value of we're doing things

1987
01:19:28,950 --> 01:19:25,679
like this that are just so inspiring

1988
01:19:30,310 --> 01:19:28,960
that we can't wait to come to work

1989
01:19:31,590 --> 01:19:30,320
folks i think we've come to the end of